Entropy Generation Minimization

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Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics

How to methanol synthesis

With mounting concerns over climate change, the utilisation or conversion of carbon dioxide into sustainable, synthetic hydrocarbons fuels, most notably for transportation purposes, continues to attract worldwide interest. This is particularly true in the search for sustainable or renewable aviation fuels. These offer considerable potential since, instead of consuming fossil crude oil, the fuels are produced from carbon dioxide using sustainable renewable hydrogen and energy. We report here a synthetic protocol to the fixation of carbon dioxide by converting it directly into aviation jet fuel using novel, inexpensive iron-based catalysts. We prepare the Fe-Mn-K catalyst by the so-called Organic Combustion Method, and the catalyst shows a carbon dioxide conversion through hydrogenation to hydrocarbons in the aviation jet fuel range of 38.2%, with a yield of 17.2%, and a selectivity of 47.8%, and with an attendant low carbon monoxide (5.6%) and methane selectivity (10.4%). The conversion reaction also produces light olefins ethylene, propylene, and butenes, totalling a yield of 8.7%, which are important raw materials for the petrochemical industry and are presently also only obtained from fossil crude oil. As this carbon dioxide is extracted from air, and re-emitted from jet fuels when combusted in flight, the overall effect is a carbon-neutral fuel. This contrasts with jet fuels produced from hydrocarbon fossil sources where the combustion process unlocks the fossil carbon and places it into the atmosphere, in longevity, as aerial carbon - carbon dioxide.

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Transforming carbon dioxide into jet fuel using an organic combustion-synthesized Fe-Mn-K catalyst

Recent advances in CO2 hydrogenation to value-added products — Current challenges and future directions

Entropy generation minimization for CO2 hydrogenation to light olefins

Thermal design and optimization for reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reactors is particularly important to fuel synthesis in naval or commercial scenarios. The RWGS reactor with irreversibilities of heat transfer, chemical reaction and viscous flow is studied based on finite time thermodynamics or entropy generation minimization theory in this paper. The total entropy generation rate (EGR) in the RWGS reactor with different boundary conditions is minimized subject to specific feed compositions and chemical conversion using optimal control theory, and the optimal configurations obtained are compared with three reference reactors with linear, constant reservoir temperature and constant heat flux operations, which are commonly used in engineering. The results show that a drastic EGR reduction of up to 23% can be achieved by optimizing the reservoir temperature profile, the inlet temperature of feed gas and the reactor length simultaneously, compared to that of the reference reactor with the linear reservoir temperature. These optimization efforts are mainly achieved by reducing the irreversibility of heat transfer. Optimal paths have subsections of relatively constant thermal force, chemical force and local EGR. A conceptual optimal design of sandwich structure for the compact modular reactor is proposed, without elaborate control tools or excessive interstage equipment. The results can provide guidelines for designing industrial RWGS reactors in naval or commercial scenarios.

/pdf/entropy-generation-minimization-for-reverse-water-gas-shift-1ifo4emd2s.pdf

Entropy Generation Minimization for Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) Reactors

The methanol synthesis via CO2 hydrogenation (MSCH) reaction is a useful CO2 utilization strategy, and this synthesis path has also been widely applied commercially for many years. In this work the performance of a MSCH reactor with the minimum entropy generation rate (EGR) as the objective function is optimized by using finite time thermodynamic and optimal control theory. The exterior wall temperature (EWR) is taken as the control variable, and the fixed methanol yield and conservation equations are taken as the constraints in the optimization problem. Compared with the reference reactor with a constant EWR, the total EGR of the optimal reactor decreases by 20.5%, and the EGR caused by the heat transfer decreases by 68.8%. In the optimal reactor, the total EGRs mainly distribute in the first 30% reactor length, and the EGRs caused by the chemical reaction accounts for more than 84% of the total EGRs. The selectivity of CH3OH can be enhanced by increasing the inlet molar flow rate of CO, and the CO2 conversion rate can be enhanced by removing H2O from the reaction system. The results obtained herein are in favor of optimal designs of practical tubular MSCH reactors.

https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/21/2/174/pdf

Entropy Generation Rate Minimization for Methanol Synthesis via a CO2 Hydrogenation Reactor.

Entropy generation rate minimization for hydrocarbon synthesis reactor from carbon dioxide and hydrogen

The finite-time thermodynamic method based on probability analysis can more accurately describe various performance parameters of thermodynamic systems. Based on the relation between optimal efficiency and power output of a generalized Carnot heat engine with a finite high-temperature heat reservoir (heat source) and an infinite low-temperature heat reservoir (heat sink) and with the only irreversibility of heat transfer, this paper studies the problem of power optimization of chemically driven heat engine based on first and second order reaction kinetic theory, puts forward a model of the coupling heat engine which can be run periodically and obtains the effects of the finite-time thermodynamic characteristics of the coupling relation between chemical reaction and heat engine on the power optimization. The results show that the first order reaction kinetics model can use fuel more effectively, and can provide heat engine with higher temperature heat source to increase the power output of the heat engine. Moreover, the power fluctuation bounds of the chemically driven heat engine are obtained by using the probability analysis method. The results may provide some guidelines for the character analysis and power optimization of the chemically driven heat engines.

Lei Zhang

Papers

Entropy generation minimization for CO2 hydrogenation to light olefins

Entropy Generation Minimization for Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) Reactors

Entropy Generation Rate Minimization for Methanol Synthesis via a CO2 Hydrogenation Reactor.

Entropy generation rate minimization for hydrocarbon synthesis reactor from carbon dioxide and hydrogen

Power optimization of chemically driven heat engine based on first and second order reaction kinetic theory and probability theory