Showing papers by "Lennart E. Nacke published in 2023"

Exploring User Perspectives on ChatGPT: Applications, Perceptions, and Implications for AI-Integrated Education

Abstract: Understanding user perspectives on Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education is essential for creating pedagogically effective and ethically responsible AI-integrated learning environments. In this paper, we conduct an extensive qualitative content analysis of four major social media platforms (Twitter, Reddit, YouTube, and LinkedIn) to explore the user experience (UX) and perspectives of early adopters toward ChatGPT-an AI Chatbot technology-in various education sectors. We investigate the primary applications of ChatGPT in education (RQ1) and the various perceptions of the technology (RQ2). Our findings indicate that ChatGPT is most popularly used in the contexts of higher education (24.18%), K-12 education (22.09%), and practical-skills learning (15.28%). On social media platforms, the most frequently discussed topics about ChatGPT are productivity, efficiency, and ethics. While some early adopters lean toward seeing ChatGPT as a revolutionary technology with the potential to boost students' self-efficacy and motivation to learn, others express concern that overreliance on the AI system may promote superficial learning habits and erode students' social and critical thinking skills. Our study contributes to the broader discourse on Human-AI Interaction and offers recommendations based on crowd-sourced knowledge for educators and learners interested in incorporating ChatGPT into their educational settings. Furthermore, we propose a research agenda for future studies that sets the foundation for continued investigation into the application of ChatGPT in education.

Hexad-12: Developing and Validating a Short Version of the Gamification User Types Hexad Scale

Abstract: The Hexad scale is a crucial tool for personalized gamification in user experience (UX) design. However, completing a 24-item questionnaire can increase dropout rates and screen fatigue within online surveys. When included in larger surveys, scale brevity makes a difference. To reduce the time required for the assessment process, we developed and validated a 12-item version of the Hexad scale. To create it, we carried out an exploratory factor analysis on an existing data set to identify appropriate items (n = 882). To validate the 12-item version, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis on a new data set (n = 1, 101). Our results show that Hexad-12 outperforms the original Hexad scale regarding model fit, reliability, convergent, and discriminant validity. Therefore, Hexad-12 resolves issues found in studies using the original Hexad scale and provides a suitable and swift instrument for concisely assessing Hexad user types in tailored gamification design.

User Experience Design and Research in Games

Abstract: This online course trains how user experience (UX) methods are used in a game context. The course consists of three units: UX design for games, games user research, and game analytics. The course material comes from the "Games User Research" book published by Oxford University Press, and the book’s editors will teach it. This course focuses on UX design and research for game development. Students will learn the skills they need to recognize, analyze, and understand player feedback so they can make valid decisions about how to design games. Through exercises and assignments, participants will learn how to identify factors that affect how a player plays a game and how to incorporate feedback into their design process. Participants will learn ways to get information from players, such as through direct observation, interviews, and surveys. Participants will be equipped with skills, knowledge, and tools to understand players to create engaging games.

Never Skip Leg Day Again: Training the Lower Body with Vertical Jumps in a Virtual Reality Exergame

Abstract: Virtual Reality (VR) exergames can increase engagement in and motivation for physical activities. Most VR exergames focus on the upper body because many VR setups only track the users’ heads and hands. To become a serious alternative to existing exercise programs, VR exergames must provide a balanced workout and train the lower limbs, too. To address this issue, we built a VR exergame focused on vertical jump training to explore full-body exercise applications. To create a safe and effective training, nine domain experts participated in our prototype design. Our mixed-methods study confirms that the jump-centered exercises provided a worthy challenge and positive player experience, indicating long-term retention. Based on our findings, we present five design implications to guide future work: avoid an unintended forward drift, consider technical constraints, address safety concerns in full-body VR exergames, incorporate rhythmic elements with fluent movement patterns, adapt difficulty to players’ fitness progression status.

Using Evolutionary Algorithms to Target Complexity Levels in Game Economies

Abstract: Game economies (GEs) describe how resources in games are created, transformed, or exchanged: They underpin most games and exist in different complexities. Their complexity may directly impact player difficulty. Nevertheless, neither difficulty nor complexity adjustment has been explored for GEs. Moreover, there is a lack of knowledge about complexity in GEs, how to define or assess it, and how it can be employed by automated adjustment approaches in game development to target specific complexity. We present a proof-of-concept for using evolutionary algorithms to craft targeted complexity graphs to model GEs. In a technical evaluation, we tested our first working definition of complexity in GEs. We then evaluated player-perceived complexity in a city-building game prototype through a user study and confirmed the generated GEs' complexity in an online survey. Our approach toward reliably creating GEs of specific complexity can facilitate game development and player testing but also inform and ground research on player perception of GE complexity.

How to Write Better CHI Papers (with LaTeX in Overleaf)

Abstract: Writing and organizing research papers is a valuable skill that can make or break your academic career. This course will help you improve your skills in writing research papers for publication at CHI. In the past five years, my writing course at CHI has introduced you to everything you wanted to know about writing papers. Now, it is time to take your skills even further. This course is now also about how to use LaTeX and Overleaf to format your papers so that they are easy to read and have the most practical impact. It is broken up into four 75-minute online units that will help you structure your paper’s research content and typographic design. The goal of the course is to help you write something that makes a contribution to the field of human-computer interaction and can be understood by other HCI researchers through engaging formatting and concise language.