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The Science And Engineering Of Materials

Inspired by the water-collecting mechanism of the Stenocara beetle’s back structure, we prepared a superhydrophilic bumps–superhydrophobic/superoleophilic stainless steel mesh (SBS-SSM) filter via a facile and environmentally friendly method. Specifically, hydrophilic silica microparticles are assembled on the as-cleaned stainless steel mesh surface, followed by further spin-coating with a fluoropolymer/SiO2 nanoparticle solution. On the special surface of SBS-SSM, attributed to the steep surface energy gradient, the superhydrophilic bumps (hydrophilic silica microparticles) are able to capture emulsified water droplets and collect water from the emulsion even when their size is smaller than the pore size of the stainless steel mesh. The oil portion of the water-in-oil emulsion therefore permeates through pores of the superhydrophobic/superoleophilic mesh coating freely and gets purified. We demonstrated an oil recovery purity up to 99.95 wt % for surfactant-stabilized water-in-oil emulsions on the biomim...

Inspired by Stenocara Beetles: From Water Collection to High-Efficiency Water-in-Oil Emulsion Separation

Biodiesel synthesis from Ceiba pentandra oil by microwave irradiation-assisted transesterification: ELM modeling and optimization

The increase of energy demand coped with utilization of fossil resources have engendered serious environmental impact. The progressively stringent worldwide emission legislation and increasing greenhouse gas emission require significant research effort on alternative fuels. Therefore, biodiesels are becoming important increasingly due to its ease in adaptation, environmental benefits and prospect in energy security. Biodiesel derived from vegetable oils, waste cooking oils and animal fats are long chain fatty acid alkyl esters, which contains unsaturated portions that are susceptible to oxidation. Biodiesel oxidation is a complex process having a number of mechanisms involved. Autoxidation radical chain reactions are the primary cause of biodiesel degradation that leads to formation of hydroperoxide, which, after that decompose to form an array of secondary oxidation products like aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, oligomers, gum, sediment etc. Antioxidants are often used to inhibit biodiesel oxidative degradation. The present review attempts to cover the inhibition action of natural and synthetic antioxidants, methods used to analyze biodiesel oxidation and their effect on biodiesel derived from various feedstocks. Phenolic antioxidants are more effective compared to amine antioxidants. Pyrogallol is found to be the most effective antioxidant to improve the oxidation stability in case of almost all biodiesels reviewed.

Effect of antioxidants on oxidation stability of biodiesel derived from vegetable and animal based feedstocks

This paper will review and attempt to discover the ideal fatty acid composition of biodiesel which exhibits lower NO x emissions, better oxidative stability and cold flow properties. The physicochemical properties of biodiesel strongly depend on their fatty acid composition. A high percentage of unsaturated fatty acid in biodiesel is correlated with higher NO x emissions, poor oxidative stability and better cold flow properties. The presence of saturated fatty acids (SFA), in particular the long chain type, exhibits good oxidative stability and produces lower NO x emissions. SFA do however demonstrate poor cold flow properties. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) exhibit better cold flow properties but produces higher NO x emissions and poorer oxidative stability. The ideal requirements of biodiesel properties impose contradictory conditions on the fatty acid composition of biodiesel. For example, coconut and palm kernel oils which have a high percentage of lauric fatty acid are reported to circumvent all three drawbacks of biodiesel. The monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), specifically oleic acids, a major component in almost all biodiesel, display the positive characteristics of both SFA and PUFA. Biodiesel properties can therefore be improved by using various remedial methods including genetic engineering, reformulated biodiesel and additives.

A review of the effect of the composition of biodiesel on NOx emission, oxidative stability and cold flow properties

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the main issues concerned with the oxidative and storage stabilities of biodiesel and how they affect different metallic and polymeric materials present in automotive parts and in biodiesel storage structures. In addition, this work presents a review of the techniques used for measuring the oxidative stability and for evaluating the degradation of metallic and polymeric materials. When biodiesel is oxidized, a series of changes in its properties occurs. These changes not only affect biodiesel quality, but also the properties of the materials that are in contact with it. Upon oxidation, biodiesel properties like the acid value, peroxide value and viscosity increase, while the iodine value and the content of methyl esters decrease. The changes in the chemical and physical properties of biodiesel can affect the integrity and stability of the material. The situation reviewed in this paper, which talks about the stability of materials, could limit the extensive use of biodiesel. Such measures have been proposed in several countries, and it is a topic of great importance for biodiesel technology.

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The oxidative stability of biodiesel and its impact on the deterioration of metallic and polymeric materials: a review

Aggressiveness of a 20% bioethanol–80% gasoline mixture on autoparts: I behavior of metallic materials and evaluation of their electrochemical properties

Aggressiveness of a 20% bioethanol 80% gasoline mixture on autoparts: II Behavior of polymeric materials

Effects of palm biodiesel and blends of biodiesel with organic acids on metals.

The aim of the present work is to evaluate the impact of pure palm biodiesel fuel (B100) and biodiesel blends with 0.32% oleic, palmitic, acetic, myristic, and stearic acids on the properties of some polymeric materials used commonly in the manufacture of auto parts such as the polyamide 66 (PA66), polyoxymethylene (POM), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The effects of the B100 and B100–acid blends on polymeric materials were examined by comparing changes in the gain/loss of mass and by measuring the hardness, the impact strength, and the tensile strength of the materials at the end of the exposure. The characterization of the polymers was carried out before and after exposure by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). After the immersion in B100–acids blends, the HDPE exhibited an increase in mass of 5%, which was very similar in all blends. The PA66 showed a small decrease in weight (2% approx.) in all mixtures. The POM presented an increase in the percentage of weight in the mixture of B100 with acetic acid of 0.3%. A decrease was observed in the crystallinity of the HDPE when exposed to blends of B100–acids. This behavior may be associated with a plasticizing effect in the HDPE exposed to the blends. The mechanical properties of POM and HDPE showed no significant changes after immersion in the fuels. On the other hand, PA66 exhibited a significant decrease in maximum stress value after immersion in B100, B100–oleic acid and B100–palmitic acid blends. The variation of the mechanical properties of the PA66 after exposure to B100 was potentiated by addition of organic acids. The assessed polymers did not undergo appreciable changes in the chemical structure of the samples after immersion in the fuels, so the variation in the mechanical properties could be explained by physical absorption of the fuel into the polymers.

Libia M. Baena

Papers

The oxidative stability of biodiesel and its impact on the deterioration of metallic and polymeric materials: a review

Aggressiveness of a 20% bioethanol–80% gasoline mixture on autoparts: I behavior of metallic materials and evaluation of their electrochemical properties

Aggressiveness of a 20% bioethanol 80% gasoline mixture on autoparts: II Behavior of polymeric materials

Effects of palm biodiesel and blends of biodiesel with organic acids on metals.

Evaluation of the Stability of Polymeric Materials Exposed to Palm Biodiesel and Biodiesel–Organic Acid Blends