In 1982, the Belgian Pilots' Guild raised the question of what effect exposure to radar radiation--for example, that encountered in passing a pilot launch's radar--might have on the human body. Recapitulating investigations of this question, this article states that in 25 years of experience with radar, there have been no known incidents of pilots being affected by radar waves. In the future, however, involvement by some pilots with Vessel Traffic Service shore-based radar could affect pilots somewhat differently from limited exposure to pilot launch radar. Pilots who find themselves in new working conditions close to an emitting source should exercise care all times.

About heat waves

In the preceding chapters with few exceptions we studied systems at equilibrium. This means that the systems do not change or evolve over time.

Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics

Physics of Flow through Porous Media

Der vorliegende Band enthált sechs Beitrage, in denen punktuell und exemplarisch der Stand der Forschung beleuchtet wird. Ein Beitrag von Codling und Frasinski beschreibt in erster Linie Experimente zum noch wenig verstandenen Phânomen der dissoziativen Ionisation von Molekülen, bei dem diese in einem intensiven Laserfeld mehrere Elektronén verlieren und in Ionen mit hoher kinetischer Energie zerfallen. Ein wesentlicher Teil dieses Beitrags widmet sich einer von den Autoren entwickelten Auswertungstechnik, welche die Korrelationen zwischen den Fiugzeiten emittierter Ionen und Elektronén sichtbar macht. Es folgen drei Beitrage zur Théorie. Schmelcher und Cederbaum beschreiben Effekte starker statischer Felder, die nur dann zu verstehen sind, wenn die Nicht-Separation der Schwerpunktsbewegung im auBeren Magnetfeld korrekt beriicksichtigt wird. Dies fiihrt

Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics

We review the progress made in extended irreversible thermodynamics during the ten years that have elapsed since the publication of our first review on the same subject (Rep. Frog. Phys. 1988 51 1105-72). During this decade much effort has been devoted to achieving a better understanding of the fundamentals and a broadening of the domain of applications. The macroscopic formulation of extended irreversible thermodynamics is reviewed and compared with other non-equilibrium thermodynamic theories. The foundations of EIT are discussed on the bases of information theory, kinetic theory, stochastic phenomena and computer simulations. Several significant applications are presented, some of them of considerable practical interest (non-classical heat transport, polymer solutions, non-Fickian diffusion, microelectronic devices, dielectric relaxation), and some others of special theoretical appeal (superfluids, nuclear collisions, cosmology). We also outline some basic problems which are not yet completely solved, such as the definitions of entropy and temperature out of equilibrium, the selection of the relevant variables, and the status to be reserved to the H-theorem and its relation to the second law. In writing this review, we had four objectives in mind: to show (i) that extended irreversible thermodynamics stands at the frontiers of modern thermodynamics; (ii) that it opens the way to new and useful applications; (iii) that much progress has been achieved during the last decade, and (iv) that the subject is far from being exhausted.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/62/7/201/pdf

Extended irreversible thermodynamics revisited (1988-98)

The local equilibrium hypothesis is a very successful basis for non-equilibrium thermodynamics over a wide range of phenomena and physical situations. However, the increasing interest in small systems in nanotechnology, in rarefied gases in high-altitude aeronautics, in high-frequency behaviour in information processing, or the search for new materials with sophisticated internal microstructures and tailored thermal properties have led one to ask about the limits of validity of this hypothesis, and to go beyond it. Here we do so in a constructive way, i.e. not only pointing out at these limits, but also embedding the local-equilibrium theory in a more general framework which explicitly exhibits these limits and suggests how to go beyond them, in search for a wider range of applications and a deeper understanding of the foundations.

Mesoscopic transport equations and contemporary thermodynamics: an introduction

In this paper objectivity and material frame-indifference are systematically discussed, because changing the observer and changing the motion of a material with respect to an observer independent standard frame of reference have to be distinguished carefully. Objectivity and observer invariance of the physical laws and of the constitutive mappings are introduced. Semi-objectivity and objectivity of different time derivative operators are investigated. As examples, changing the observer in liquid crystal theory and changing the motion in linear heat conducting materials is considered.

Systematic remarks on objectivity and frame-indifference, liquid crystal theory as an example

Using the general methods of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, a theory for anisotropic polarizable media in which dielectric relaxation phenomena occur is developed. Assuming that ii microscopic phenomena give rise to dielectric relaxation, the contributions of these phenomena to the macroscopic polarization are introduced as vectorial internal degrees of freedom in the Gibbs relation. Moreover, it is assumed that a viscous flow phenomenon occurs which is analogous to the viscous flow of ordinary fluids. The phenomenological equations connected with irreversible changes in the polarization and the generalized laws of Ohm, Fourier and Newton are derived, and the Onsager-Casimir reciprocity relations are formulated. For the case that the equations of state can be linearized explicit expressions for the free energy, the internal energy and the entropy are given and it is shown that a complete set of equations describing the mechanical, electromagnetic and thermodynamic behaviour of the media studied in the present paper can be obtained.

A thermodynamic derivation of equations for dielectric-relaxation phenomena in anisotropic polarizable media

In some previous papers one of us (G.A.K.) discussed dielectric relaxation phenomena with the aid of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. In particular the Debye equation for dielectric relaxation in polar liquids was derived. It was also noted that generalizations of the Debye equation may be derived if one assumes that several microscopic phenomena occur which give rise to dielectric relaxation and that the contributions of these microscopic phenomena to the macroscopic polarization may be introduced as vectorial internal degrees of freedom in the entropy. If it is assumed that there are n vectorial internal degrees of freedom an explicit from for the relaxation equation may be derived, provided the developed formalism may be linearized. This relaxation equation has the form of a linear relation among the electric field E , the first n derivatives with respect to time of this field, the polarization vector P and the first n + 1 derivatives with respect to time of P . It is the purpose of the present paper to give full details of the derivations of the above mentioned results. It is also shown in this paper that if a part of the total polarization P is reversible ( i.e. if this part does not contribute to the entropy production) the coefficient of the time derivative of order n + 1 of P in the relaxation equation is zero.

/pdf/on-generalizations-of-the-debye-equation-for-dielectric-15bxtg7r8e.pdf

On generalizations of the Debye equation for dielectric relaxation

In this paper the propagation of non-linear dissipative waves in viscoanelastic media with memory is considered using a thermodynamic theory for mechanical relaxation phenomena proposed in some previous papers. In particular we investigate the contributions of the memory effects on the transport equation which governs the first perturbation term of the asymptotic solution of the basic equation. Finally, it is shown that the transport equation can be reduced to a generalized Burgers equation.

Liliana Restuccia

Papers

Mesoscopic transport equations and contemporary thermodynamics: an introduction

Systematic remarks on objectivity and frame-indifference, liquid crystal theory as an example

A thermodynamic derivation of equations for dielectric-relaxation phenomena in anisotropic polarizable media

On generalizations of the Debye equation for dielectric relaxation

The generalized Burgers equation in viscoanelastic media with memory