KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)〔和文〕 (特集 ゲノム医学の現在と未来--基礎と臨床) -- (データベース)

Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that causes a wide range of clinical infections. It is a leading cause of bacteremia and infective endocarditis as well as osteoarticular, skin and soft tissue, pleuropulmonary, and device-related infections. This review comprehensively covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management of each of these clinical entities. The past 2 decades have witnessed two clear shifts in the epidemiology of S. aureus infections: first, a growing number of health care-associated infections, particularly seen in infective endocarditis and prosthetic device infections, and second, an epidemic of community-associated skin and soft tissue infections driven by strains with certain virulence factors and resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. In reviewing the literature to support management strategies for these clinical manifestations, we also highlight the paucity of high-quality evidence for many key clinical questions.

Staphylococcus aureus Infections: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Management

Side Effects of Immune Checkpoint Blockade The wide range of immune-related adverse effects associated with immune checkpoint blockade can complicate this effective therapy and limit its use in patients with cancer. This review surveys the adverse effects and their management.

https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMra1703481

Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint Blockade

Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used to target bacteria as an alternative to antibiotics. Nanotechnology may be particularly advantageous in treating bacterial infections. Examples include the utilization of NPs in antibacterial coatings for implantable devices and medicinal materials to prevent infection and promote wound healing, in antibiotic delivery systems to treat disease, in bacterial detection systems to generate microbial diagnostics, and in antibacterial vaccines to control bacterial infections. The antibacterial mechanisms of NPs are poorly understood, but the currently accepted mechanisms include oxidative stress induction, metal ion release, and non-oxidative mechanisms. The multiple simultaneous mechanisms of action against microbes would require multiple simultaneous gene mutations in the same bacterial cell for antibacterial resistance to develop; therefore, it is difficult for bacterial cells to become resistant to NPs. In this review, we discuss the antibacterial mechanisms of NPs against bacteria and the factors that are involved. The limitations of current research are also discussed.

/pdf/the-antimicrobial-activity-of-nanoparticles-present-455xafgyws.pdf

The antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles: present situation and prospects for the future

Natural products afford a window of opportunity to study important biology. If the natural product is used or abused by human beings, finding its biological target(s) is all the more significant. Hot pepper is eaten on a daily basis by an estimated one-quarter of the world’s population and

Vanilloid (Capsaicin) Receptors and Mechanisms

Mucocutaneous candidiasis is a common infection affecting both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed individuals. Diversity in the clinical and histopathological presentation of mucocutaneous candidiasis is well known. However, the occurrence of cutaneous verrucous lesions and giant yeast-like structures has been rarely reported. In this article, we describe a case of disseminated mucocutaneous candidiasis in an immunosuppressed patient who presented as a verrucous plaque on the scrotum with giant Candida blastoconidia. This peculiar presentation expands the clinicopathological spectrum of mucocutaneous candidiasis and highlights the wide range of clinical manifestations and great morphologic variability of this common fungal infection.

Verrucous Plaque With Unusually Large Candida Blastoconidia: A Unique Clinicopathological Presentation of Systemic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis.

Global consensus on the clinical course, treatment and management of generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP)

There is a paucity of evidence on the impact of immune-mediated inflammatory disease (IMID) treatments on the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. The purpose of this literature review is to address the question of whether patients with IMIDs receiving secukinumab, a fully human anti-interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody, have an adequate immune response after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Clinical studies that evaluated the effect of secukinumab on immune responses in patients with IMIDs after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination were searched in publication databases, including Medline and Embase, until May 2022. From the 53 articles identified, a total of 11 articles were included. Overall, the majority of the patients treated with secukinumab elicited an adequate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Patients receiving secukinumab for IMIDs developed cellular immune responses following vaccination with the BNT162b2 vaccine, and there were no significant differences in the overall humoral and cellular immune responses between patients and healthy individuals. The third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine resulted in a positive antibody response in secukinumab-treated patients. In conclusion, the available data provide no evidence of impairment in immunological response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines by secukinumab in patients with IMIDs.

Immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination in patients receiving secukinumab: a literature review.

Grover disease (GD) is an idiopathic dermatosis, generally transient, which clinically may resemble folliculitis and can range from asymptomatic to intensely pruritic. Usually, the process involves the trunk and proximal portions of the extremities of individuals in their 60s. However, in cases associated with malignancy or drug therapy, GD can occur at a younger age and appear in any body area. The microscopical hallmarks are acantholysis, often combined with dyskeratosis, providing a characteristic appearance that in different foci may resemble Darier disease, Hailey-Hailey disease, or pemphigus. In addition, some areas can contain spongiosis, dysmaturation, lentiginous silhouette, or have a lichenoid appearance. In the dermis it is common to find a perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate with a variable number of eosinophils or neutrophils that sometimes can be abundant. In recent years, new histological patterns have been described widening the histopathologic spectrum of GD and allowing recognition of cases that could have been missed or misinterpreted.

Grover Disease with Focus on New Histopathological Patterns

Bluish nodular mammary lesions in prepubertal girls are a challenging diagnosis. Retroareolar cysts are rare in this population, but relatively common among adolescent women. This diagnosis can be suspected clinically and ultimately confirmed by cutaneous ultrasonography, avoiding unnecessary biopsies or complex radiologic studies.

Lluís Puig

Papers

Verrucous Plaque With Unusually Large Candida Blastoconidia: A Unique Clinicopathological Presentation of Systemic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis.

Global consensus on the clinical course, treatment and management of generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP)

Immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination in patients receiving secukinumab: a literature review.

Grover Disease with Focus on New Histopathological Patterns

Prepubertal retroareolar cysts.