THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Automotive catalytic converters: current status and some perspectives

Synthesis and catalytic properties of metal nanoparticles: Size, shape, support, composition, and oxidation state effects

Over the last several years, nitrogen oxide(s) (NOx) storage/reduction (NSR) catalysts, also referred to as NOx adsorbers or lean NOx traps, have been developed as an aftertreatment technology to reduce NOx emissions from lean‐burn power sources. NSR operation is cyclic: during the lean part of the cycle, NOx are trapped on the catalyst; intermittent rich excursions are used to reduce the NOx to N2 and restore the original catalyst surface; and lean operation then resumes. This review will describe the work carried out in characterizing, developing, and understanding this catalyst technology for application in mobile exhaust‐gas aftertreatment. The discussion will first encompass the reaction process fundamentals, which include five general steps involved in NOx reduction to N2 on NSR catalysts; NO oxidation, NO2 and NO sorption leading to nitrite and nitrate species, reductant evolution, NOx release, and finally NOx reduction to N2. Major unresolved issues and questions are listed at the end of ...

Overview of the Fundamental Reactions and Degradation Mechanisms of NOx Storage/Reduction Catalysts

Selective catalytic reduction with NH3 (NH3-SCR) is the most efficient technology to reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from coal-fired industries, diesel engines, etc. Although V2O5-WO3(MoO3)/TiO2 and CHA structured zeolite catalysts have been utilized in commercial applications, the increasing requirements for broad working temperature window, strong SO2/alkali/heavy metal-resistance, and high hydrothermal stability have stimulated the development of new-type NH3-SCR catalysts. This review summarizes the latest SCR reaction mechanisms and emerging poison-resistant mechanisms in the beginning and subsequently gives a comprehensive overview of newly developed SCR catalysts, including metal oxide catalysts ranging from VOx, MnOx, CeO2, and Fe2O3 to CuO based catalysts; acidic compound catalysts containing vanadate, phosphate and sulfate catalysts; ion exchanged zeolite catalysts such as Fe, Cu, Mn, etc. exchanged zeolite catalysts; monolith catalysts including extruded, washcoated, and metal-mesh/foam-based monolith catalysts. The challenges and opportunities for each type of catalysts are proposed while the effective strategies are summarized for enhancing the acidity/redox circle and poison-resistance through modification, creating novel nanostructures, exposing specific crystalline planes, constructing protective/sacrificial sites, etc. Some suggestions are given about future research directions that efforts should be made in. Hopefully, this review can bridge the gap between newly developed catalysts and practical requirements to realize their commercial applications in the near future.

Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3 by Using Novel Catalysts: State of the Art and Future Prospects.

Insight into the effect of phosphorus poisoning of Cu/zeolites with different framework towards NH3-SCR

Surface electronic structure of GaAs(311)A studied by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy

Enhanced CO resistance of Pd/SSZ-13 for passive NOx adsorption

A Global Kinetic NOX Storage and Reduction (NSR) Model based on flow reactor experiments was developed to investigate the NOX storage and reduction mechanisms with a focus on the breakthrough of NH3 and N2O during the rich phase. Intra-Catalyst Storage and Reduction Measurements (SpaciMS) were used to further validate the model, particularly with respect to the formation and utilization of ammonia along the catalyst axis. Two different catalysts were used in the model, denoted Cat. 1 and Cat. 2. The first catalyst was used in flow reactor experiments to create a global kinetic model and fitting the parameters using long NSR cycles validated against more realistic short NSR cycles, while the second catalyst was used in the SpaciMS experiments. However, due to some differences in the catalytic material, some parameters had to be re-tuned for the second catalyst. Two NOX storage sites were used for both catalysts, barium (Ba) and the support sites (S2). Furthermore, the Shrinking-Core Model was used to describe the mass transport of NOX inside the storage particles, S2. An oxygen storage component was necessarily included and denoted Ce for the first catalyst and representing ceria in the catalyst. The second catalyst did not contain any ceria, which is why the oxygen storage site was called S3 and can be interpreted as oxygen on the noble metal. During the rich period, NOX was reduced by H2 and CO, forming nitrogen and NH3. Produced NH3 reacted with stored NOX forming N2O and resulting in an N2O peak before NH3 breakthrough. The model agreed well with reactor experiments and SpaciMS measurements. The SpaciMS results showed that most NOX was stored in the first half of the catalyst, resulting in high ammonia production in the catalyst front and its subsequent consumption along the catalyst axis to reduce NOX stored downstream.

Kinetic modeling of NOx storage and reduction using spatially resolved MS measurements

Human activities such as burning fossil fuels for energy production have contributed to the rising global atmospheric CO2 concentration. The search for alternative renewable and sustainable energy sources to replace fossil fuels is crucial to meet the global energy demand. Bio-feedstocks are abundant, carbon-rich, and renewable bioresources that can be transformed into value-added chemicals, biofuels, and biomaterials. The conversion of solid biomass into liquid fuel and their further hydroprocessing over solid catalysts has gained vast interest in industry and academic research in the last few decades. Metal sulfide catalysts, a common type of catalyst being used in the hydroprocessing of fossil feedstocks, have gained great interest due to their low cost, industrial relevance, and easy implementation into the current refining infrastructures. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview that covers the hydrotreating of various bio-feedstocks like fatty acids, phenolic compounds, pyrolysis oil, and lignin feed using sulfided catalysts. The main objectives are to highlight the reaction mechanism/networks, types of sulfided catalysts, catalyst deactivation, and reaction kinetics involved in the hydrotreating of various viable renewable feedstocks to biofuels. The computational approaches to understand the application of metal sulfides in deoxygenation are also presented. The challenges and needs for future research related to the valorization of different bio-feedstocks into liquid fuels, employing sulfided catalysts, are also discussed in the current work. 

Upgrading of triglycerides, pyrolysis oil, and lignin over metal sulfide catalysts: A review on the reaction mechanism, kinetics, and catalyst deactivation

Louise Olsson

Papers

Insight into the effect of phosphorus poisoning of Cu/zeolites with different framework towards NH3-SCR

Surface electronic structure of GaAs(311)A studied by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy

Enhanced CO resistance of Pd/SSZ-13 for passive NOx adsorption

Kinetic modeling of NOx storage and reduction using spatially resolved MS measurements

Upgrading of triglycerides, pyrolysis oil, and lignin over metal sulfide catalysts: A review on the reaction mechanism, kinetics, and catalyst deactivation