XI. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING DIABETES CARE D iabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and patient self-management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term complications. Diabetes care is complex and requires that many issues, beyond glycemic control, be addressed. A large body of evidence exists that supports a range of interventions to improve diabetes outcomes. These standards of care are intended to provide clinicians, patients, researchers, payors, and other interested individuals with the components of diabetes care, treatment goals, and tools to evaluate the quality of care. While individual preferences, comorbidities, and other patient factors may require modification of goals, targets that are desirable for most patients with diabetes are provided. These standards are not intended to preclude more extensive evaluation and management of the patient by other specialists as needed. For more detailed information, refer to Bode (Ed.): Medical Management of Type 1 Diabetes (1), Burant (Ed): Medical Management of Type 2 Diabetes (2), and Klingensmith (Ed): Intensive Diabetes Management (3). The recommendations included are diagnostic and therapeutic actions that are known or believed to favorably affect health outcomes of patients with diabetes. A grading system (Table 1), developed by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and modeled after existing methods, was utilized to clarify and codify the evidence that forms the basis for the recommendations. The level of evidence that supports each recommendation is listed after each recommendation using the letters A, B, C, or E.

Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes

Prospective Cohort Study

A fundamental change has been achieved in understanding surface electrochemistry due to the profound knowledge of the nature of electrocatalytic processes accumulated over the past several decades and to the recent technological advances in spectroscopy and high resolution imaging. Nowadays one can preferably design electrocatalysts based on the deep theoretical knowledge of electronic structures, via computer-guided engineering of the surface and (electro)chemical properties of materials, followed by the synthesis of practical materials with high performance for specific reactions. This review provides insights into both theoretical and experimental electrochemistry toward a better understanding of a series of key clean energy conversion reactions including oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The emphasis of this review is on the origin of the electrocatalytic activity of nanostructured catalysts toward the aforementioned reactions by correlating the apparent electrode performance with their intrinsic electrochemical properties. Also, a rational design of electrocatalysts is proposed starting from the most fundamental aspects of the electronic structure engineering to a more practical level of nanotechnological fabrication.

Design of electrocatalysts for oxygen- and hydrogen-involving energy conversion reactions

Abstract A two-dimensional version of the Pennsylvania State University mesoscale model has been applied to Winter Monsoon Experiment data in order to simulate the diurnally occurring convection observed over the South China Sea. The domain includes a representation of part of Borneo as well as the sea so that the model can simulate the initiation of convection. Also included in the model are parameterizations of mesoscale ice phase and moisture processes and longwave and shortwave radiation with a diurnal cycle. This allows use of the model to test the relative importance of various heating mechanisms to the stratiform cloud deck, which typically occupies several hundred kilometers of the domain. Frank and Cohen's cumulus parameterization scheme is employed to represent vital unresolved vertical transports in the convective area. The major conclusions are: Ice phase processes are important in determining the level of maximum large-scale heating and vertical motion because there is a strong anvil componen...

Numerical study of convection observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model [presentation]

Electrocatalytic reduction of water to molecular hydrogen via the hydrogen evolution reaction may provide a sustainable energy supply for the future, but its commercial application is hampered by the use of precious platinum catalysts. All alternatives to platinum thus far are based on nonprecious metals, and, to our knowledge, there is no report about a catalyst for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution beyond metals. Here we couple graphitic-carbon nitride with nitrogen-doped graphene to produce a metal-free hybrid catalyst, which shows an unexpected hydrogen evolution reaction activity with comparable overpotential and Tafel slope to some of well-developed metallic catalysts. Experimental observations in combination with density functional theory calculations reveal that its unusual electrocatalytic properties originate from an intrinsic chemical and electronic coupling that synergistically promotes the proton adsorption and reduction kinetics.

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Hydrogen evolution by a metal-free electrocatalyst

Metal carbenes, generated from the decomposition of diazo compounds by transition-metals, have a broad range of applications in organic synthesis. The progress of organic transformation via transition metal (such as Rh, Cu, Fe, Ag) carbenes has been well summarized in a few excellent reviews. This review will summarize gold-catalyzed transformations of α-diazocarbonyl compounds by highlighting the specificity and applicability of these diverse transformations such as X-H insertion, C-H functionalization, cyclopropanation, cycloaddition, and coupling reactions. In order to understand these reactions, the mechanistic rationale for selected examples is also provided.

Gold-catalyzed transformations of α-diazocarbonyl compounds: selectivity and diversity

An unprecedented direct C–H bond functionalization of unprotected phenols with α-aryl α-diazoacetates and diazooxindoles was developed. A tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite derived gold complex promoted the highly chemoselective and site-selective C–H bond functionalization of phenols and N-acylanilines with gold-carbene generated from the decomposition of diazo compounds, furnishing the corresponding products in moderate to excellent yields at rt. The salient features of this reaction include readily available starting materials, unprecedented C–H functionalization rather than X–H insertion, good substrate scope, mild conditions, high efficiency, and ease in further transformation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of C–H functionalization of unprotected phenols with diazo compounds.

Highly Site-Selective Direct C–H Bond Functionalization of Phenols with α-Aryl-α-diazoacetates and Diazooxindoles via Gold Catalysis

Directly grafting graphene oxide onto carbon fiber and the effect on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber composites

A chiral amide-phosphine bifunctional catalyst was developed and successfully applied to the asymmetric intermolecular cross-vinylogous Rauhut–Currier of alkyl vinyl ketones with para-quinone methides, offering excellent regioselectivity and stereoselectivity (up to >99% enantiomeric excess (ee)). This method provides a facile access to structurally diverse widely existed diarylmethine stereogenic centers with excellent enantioselectivity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to understand the mechanism and enantioselectivity for this phosphine-catalyzed asymmetric transformation.

Phosphine-Catalyzed Asymmetric Intermolecular Cross-Vinylogous Rauhut–Currier Reactions of Vinyl Ketones with para-Quinone Methides

The development of an efficient method for the site-selective substitution of unprotected phenols has long been considered as an attractive but challenging task Herein, we describe a highly chemo- and ortho-selective substitution reaction of phenols with α-aryl α-diazoacetates with commercially available (C6 F5 )3 B as the catalyst This reaction proceeds under simple and mild conditions with high efficiency, it features a wide substrate scope and can be easily scaled up

Lu Liu

Papers

Gold-catalyzed transformations of α-diazocarbonyl compounds: selectivity and diversity

Highly Site-Selective Direct C–H Bond Functionalization of Phenols with α-Aryl-α-diazoacetates and Diazooxindoles via Gold Catalysis

Directly grafting graphene oxide onto carbon fiber and the effect on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber composites

Phosphine-Catalyzed Asymmetric Intermolecular Cross-Vinylogous Rauhut–Currier Reactions of Vinyl Ketones with para-Quinone Methides

(C6 F5 )3 B Catalyzed Chemoselective and ortho-Selective Substitution of Phenols with α-Aryl α-Diazoesters.