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Ordinary Magic: Resilience Processes in Development

The main purpose of this paper is to draw attention to some facts and ideas that perhaps can help to identify problems or fields for development and research within the evaluation of training. Topics for group discussion are preceded by material on some basic concepts of evaluation and educational measurement. The ratio scale, the interval scale, the ordinal scale, and the nominal scale are given as examples of kinds of scales used in educational measurement; the problem of norms is discussed; potential purposes of evaluation or educational measurement are outlined; and some characteristics of a good measuring instrument are explained. The author also defends the inclusion of evaluation as an Integral part of a model for planning and carrying out educational programs. (BW) *********************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort * * to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. *********************************************************************** U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION &WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION EVALUATION OF TRAINING

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Evaluation of Training.

Representações sociais: investigações em psicologia social

What is Organizational Identity

Analyzing the state of the art in organizational behavior, we identified a lack of distinction between the types of action that are expected at different stages in supporting the occurrence of learning as well as the need for a systematic theoretical proposition about the support for informal learning in its different phases. This article aims to propose a theoretical model based on the stages of psychosocial support for informal learning, according to the characteristics and qualities of the different stages of the concept of informal learning at work. Emphasizing the social learning theory, social cognitive theory and the hierarchy of learning strategies, this study highlights the importance of psychosocial support, taking into account the theory of reciprocity in social relations. Based on a literature review, it's proposed a classification of the concept of support considering the phases through which the concept of learning takes place, from acquisition till the individual to application at work. The support for learning is discussed considering the procedural stages of acquisition, retention, maintenance, generalization and transfer of knowledge, skills and competencies that must be expressed as tangible and observable results at work routines. Thus, it becomes relevant to investigate what specific type of action will increase the chance of learning and its transfer to work, taking into account the learning process steps. The study of formal learning is emphasized in the organizational behavior literature, through training, development and education programs. Little attention is given to study informal learning at work. The main limitation this study that is the proposed classification of the concept of learning support has not been tested empirically, although the literature indicates support for learning as the main determinant of the impact of training. Regarding the contributions of this study, it is expected that the classification theory presented is the first step in systematizing the concept of learning support. As a research agenda is proposed the empirical proof of the classification that has been proposed, including the development and psychometric validation of an instrument that will guide the conduct of the research and operationalization of each one of the proposed steps.

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Suporte à aprendizagem informal no trabalho: uma proposta de articulação conceitual

Neste estudo analisamos dados da participacao feminina na educacao superior e no mercado de trabalho. Discutimos diferencas nos percentuais de homens e mulheres, considerando as escolhas academicas, bem como as caracteristicas do mercado nas areas de atuacao predominantemente femininas ou masculinas. Apontamos padroes no uso do tempo de acordo com o genero. Alem disso, mulheres predominam em areas que envolvem cuidados e assistencia, enquanto homens sao maioria nas atividades que exigem raciocinio logico e objetividade. Os dados mostram que as areas predominantemente masculinas apresentam maiores salarios e prestigio, e as mulheres, quando exercem essas tarefas, ganham menos. Concluimos com reflexoes sobre os avancos na tematica da igualdade de genero e sobre os fatores que, ainda hoje, levam as diferencas nas escolhas consideradas “naturais”

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Panorama da participação feminina na educação superior, no mercado de trabalho e na sociedade

The objective of this study was to make a national mapping of opportunities in professional qualification, identifying the characteristics of organizations that invest more in this type of action. The research design was a survey with 1,150 questionnaires sent to public, private and third sector institutions in 115 cities in 23 Brazilian states. The sample was probabilistic, due to conglomeration, with 50 questionnaires per state, including the capital city, medium size and small towns. The results show that 25% of the organizations do not provide any qualification opportunities to their employees. An Index of Professional Qualification Opportunities was created for this study, and this index showed a positive correlation with the number of employees, organization size and time established in the market. The variance analysis (ANOVA) indicated significant differences of the indices comparing different Brazilian regions and public or private organizations. The characteristics of the organizations that most offer more qualification chances are: big organizations, with more than 100 employees, more than 22 years in the market and located in the South and Southeastern Brazilian regions. In this scenario, there would be important actions, especially public policies, which facilitate the qualification of the people who work in smaller organizations.

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Oportunidades de qualificação profissional no Brasil: reflexões a partir de um panorama quantitativo

O que explica o sucesso ou o fracasso de programas de treinamento? Este estudo apresenta a avaliacao de um programa publico de treinamento, a partir do modelo de Hamblin (1978), tendo como variavel dependente o impacto do treinamento no trabalho, subdividido em tres niveis: comportamento no cargo, na mudanca organizacional e no valor final. O delineamento foi de um quase-experimento, com dois grupos experimentais e um grupo de controle, mesclando metodologias quantitativas e qualitativas. A coleta de dados durou dois anos e foi feita antes e depois da realizacao do programa de treinamento, incluindo indicadores duros: aumento no numero de oficinas de formacao profissional, de aprendizes e de pessoas empregadas. Os instrumentos eram validados e foram aplicados a quatro fontes de avaliacao: o proprio treinado, sua chefia, um colega e um cliente (n= 2.468). A regressao e a analise de covariância (ANCOVA) indicaram impacto do treinamento nos tres niveis. A percepcao dos diferentes avaliadores confirmou o impacto no comportamento no cargo e os grupos experimentais conseguiram maior mudanca organizacional e valor final que o grupo de controle. As variaveis alternativas analisadas (Produto Interno Bruto, taxa basica de juros, taxa de desemprego e legislacao) indicaram que, sem o tratamento, os resultados seriam opostos aos alcancados.

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Avaliação de programas públicos de treinamento : um estudo sobre o impacto no trabalho e na geração de emprego

Analises de necessidades de treinamento (ANTs), apesar de importantes, tem sido realizadas de modo pouco sistematico em ambientes organizacionais. A analise da literatura mostra que a producao intelectual nessa area esta restrita a analises nos niveis do individuo e das tarefas, com poucas pesquisas enfocando necessidades em niveis mais abrangentes como grupos, equipes ou macroprocessos organizacionais. De modo geral, as abordagens de analise de necessidades ainda estao focadas em cargos ou nas estruturas organizacionais rigidas, estaticas, burocraticas (departamentos, divisoes etc.). Essa caracteristica torna a ANT anacronica e pouco util, pois nao capta novos arranjos organizacionais como arquiteturas matriciais, organizacao em rede, organizacoes virtuais ou novas configuracoes dos trabalhos humanos. Esse carater dinâmico implica uma mudanca no carater da ANT, para uma abordagem mais prospectiva, voltada a aprendizagem de habilidades complexas e de alta volatilidade. Este ensaio teorico objetiva rever a literatura da area e propor um modelo de diagnostico de necessidades de treinamento baseado em taxonomia de resultados de aprendizagem e com foco em diversos niveis de analise. O modelo de ANT proposto deriva de um conjunto de resultados de pesquisas empiricas e vai alem da analise de tarefas e de pessoas, incluindo tambem o nivel organizacional e de grupo. A aplicacao deste modelo permite fornecer as informacoes necessarias ao desenho de situacoes de aprendizagem e de treinamento que possam promover o desenvolvimento de complexas competencias valorizadas pelo mundo do trabalho, cujo desenvolvimento requer acoes educacionais variadas, curriculos e programas de aprendizagem continua e de educacao permanente (ao longo de toda a vida). Nesse sentido, o modelo proposto permite que seja feito um elo entre os estudos empiricos sobre o tema e a sua aplicacao pratica em organizacoes de trabalho.

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Luciana Mourão

Papers

Suporte à aprendizagem informal no trabalho: uma proposta de articulação conceitual

Panorama da participação feminina na educação superior, no mercado de trabalho e na sociedade

Oportunidades de qualificação profissional no Brasil: reflexões a partir de um panorama quantitativo

Avaliação de programas públicos de treinamento : um estudo sobre o impacto no trabalho e na geração de emprego

Avaliação de necessidades de TD&E: proposição de um novo modelo