BIOE 402. Medical Technology Assessment. 2 or 3 hours. Bioentrepreneur course. Assessment of medical technology in the context of commercialization. Objectives, competition, market share, funding, pricing, manufacturing, growth, and intellectual property; many issues unique to biomedical products. Course Information: 2 undergraduate hours. 3 graduate hours. Prerequisite(s): Junior standing or above and consent of the instructor.

“Bioinformatics” 특집을 내면서

1. Introductory remarks 2. Convolvulacaea 2. Scrophulariaceae, Gesneriaceae, Labiatae, etc. 4. Cruciferae, Papaveraceae, Resedaceae, etc. 5. Geraniaceae, Leguminosae, Onagraceae, etc. 6. Solanaceae, Primulaceae, Polygoneae, etc. 7. Summary of the heights and weights of the crossed and self-fertilised plants 8. Difference between crossed and self-fertilised plants in constitutional vigour and in other respects 9. The effects of cross-fertilisation and self-fertilisation on the production of seeds 10. Means of fertilisation 11. The habits of insects in relation to the fertilisation of flowers 12. General results Index.

The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom: CONVOLVULACEÆ

Evolution of secondary metabolites from an ecological and molecular phylogenetic perspective.

▪ Abstract Quantifying the extent to which seed production is limited by the availability of pollen has been an area of intensive empirical study over the past few decades. Whereas theory predicts that pollen augmentation should not increase seed production, numerous empirical studies report significant and strong pollen limitation. Here, we use a variety of approaches to examine the correlates of pollen limitation in an effort to understand its occurrence and importance in plant evolutionary ecology. In particular, we examine the role of recent ecological perturbations in influencing pollen limitation and discuss the relation between pollen limitation and plant traits. We find that the magnitude of pollen limitation observed in natural populations depends on both historical constraints and contemporary ecological factors.

https://www.ucalgary.ca/~jvamosi/knight_etal-arees_2005.pdf

Pollen Limitation of Plant Reproduction: Pattern and Process

▪ Abstract Mixed mating, in which hermaphrodite plant species reproduce by both self- and cross-fertilization, presents a challenging problem for evolutionary biologists. Theory suggests that inbreeding depression, the main selective factor opposing the evolution of selfing, can be purged with self-fertilization, a process that is expected to yield pure strategies of either outcrossing or selfing. Here we present updated evidence suggesting that mixed mating systems are frequent in seed plants. We outline the floral and pollination mechanisms that can lead to intermediate outcrossing, review the theoretical models that address the stability of intermediate outcrossing, and examine relevant empirical evidence. A comparative analysis of estimated inbreeding coefficients and outcrossing rates suggests that mixed mating often evolves despite strong inbreeding depression. The adaptive significance of mixed mating has yet to be fully explained for any species. Recent theoretical and empirical work suggests that...

/pdf/the-evolutionary-enigma-of-mixed-mating-systems-in-plants-4ai6ful81i.pdf

The Evolutionary Enigma of Mixed Mating Systems in Plants: Occurrence, Theoretical Explanations, and Empirical Evidence

Aim
The tomato family Solanaceae is distributed on all major continents except Antarctica and has its centre of diversity in South America. Its worldwide distribution suggests multiple long-distance dispersals within and between the New and Old Worlds. Here, we apply maximum likelihood (ML) methods and newly developed biogeographical stochastic mapping (BSM) to infer the ancestral range of the family and to estimate the frequency of dispersal and vicariance events resulting in its present-day distribution.

Location
Worldwide.

Methods
Building on a recently inferred megaphylogeny of Solanaceae, we conducted ML model fitting of a range of biogeographical models with the program ‘BioGeoBEARS’. We used the parameters from the best fitting model to estimate ancestral range probabilities and conduct stochastic mapping, from which we estimated the number and type of biogeographical events.

Results
Our best model supported South America as the ancestral area for the Solanaceae and its major clades. The BSM analyses showed that dispersal events, particularly range expansions, are the principal mode by which members of the family have spread beyond South America.

Main conclusions
For Solanaceae, South America is not only the family's current centre of diversity but also its ancestral range, and dispersal was the principal driver of range evolution. The most common dispersal patterns involved range expansions from South America into North and Central America, while dispersal in the reverse direction was less common. This directionality may be due to the early build-up of species richness in South America, resulting in large pool of potential migrants. These results demonstrate the utility of BSM not only for estimating ancestral ranges but also in inferring the frequency, direction and timing of biogeographical events in a statistically rigorous framework.

Bayesian estimation of the global biogeographical history of the Solanaceae

Loss of complex characters is thought to be irreversible (Dollo's law). However, hypotheses of irreversible evolution are remarkably difficult to test, especially when character transitions are frequent. In such cases, inference of ancestral states, in the absence of fossil evidence, is uncertain and represents the single greatest constraint for reconstructing the evolutionary history of characters. Breeding system character transitions are of particular interest because they affect the amount and distribution of genetic variation within species. Transitions from obligate outcrossing to partial or predominant self-fertilization are thought to represent one of the most common trends in flowering plants. We use the unique molecular genetic properties (manifested as deep persistent polymorphisms) of the locus that enforces outcrossing to demonstrate that its loss is irreversible in the plant family Solanaceae. We argue that current phylogenetic methods of reconstruction are potentially inadequate in cases where ancestral state information is inferred by using only the phylogeny and the distribution of character states in extant taxa. This study shows in a statistical framework that a particular character transition is irreversible, consistent with Dollo's law.

/pdf/ancient-polymorphism-reveals-unidirectional-breeding-system-13e17j5zk2.pdf

Ancient polymorphism reveals unidirectional breeding system shifts

A phylogenetic analysis was conducted using sequence data from the chloroplast gene ndhF. Sequences were obtained from 25 species of Solanaceae, including 18 species of Solanum representing five of the seven conventionally recognized subgenera. Trees were constructed using parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Results indicate that Solanum lycopersicum (formerly in genus Lycopersicon) and Solanum betaceum (formerly in genus Cyphomandra) are nested within the Solanum clade. Each of the Solanum subgenera Leptostemonum, Minon, Potatoe, and Solanum are not monophyletic as currently circumscribed. Four major clades within Solanum are supported by high bootstrap values, but the relationships among them are largely unresolved. The problematical sections Aculeigerum (represented by S. wendlandii) and Allophyllum (repre- sented by S. allophyllum) emerge as sister taxa in a larger clade composed of S. betaceum, S. luteoalbum, and members of subgenera Leptostemonum, Minon, and Solanum. Several prominent morphological characters such as spines, stellate hairs, and tapered anthers apparently have evolved more than once in Solanum.

Phylogenetic relationships in Solanum (Solanaceae) based on ndhF sequences

Species of Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum comprise almost one third of the genus and are distributed worldwide. Members of this group are defined by their sharp epidermal prickles; thus, they are commonly referred to as the ‘‘spiny solanums.’’ This subgenus includes a number of economically important species such as the Old World eggplants, as well as locally cultivated New World species such as the naranjilla and cocona. Given the size and importance of this group we have examined phylogenetic relationships across subgenus Leptostemonum, including a large sampling of species from previously defined species groups within the subgenus. Evolutionary relationships were inferred using DNA sequence data from two nuclear regions (ITS and the granule-bound starch synthase gene [GBSSI or waxy]) and one chloroplast spacer region (trnS-trnG). Results suggest that Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum is monophyletic when the S. wendlandii and S. nemorense species groups are excluded. We have defined 10 clades within subgenus Leptostemonum, some of which correspond to previously circumscribed species groups or sections. Most of the Old World species of subgenus Leptostemonumbelong to a single species-rich clade. Sharp prickles and/or stellate hairs evolved more than once in Solanum, and floral heterandry originated multiple times within the ‘‘spiny solanums.’’ waxy.

https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/134623/original/Levinetal2006.pdf

Phylogenetic relationships among the “spiny solanums” (Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae)

Analysis of sequence data from the chloroplast gene ndhF identifies at least 12 major well-supported clades within the genus Solanum. These are briefly described, given informal clade names, and compared with the groups recognized by previous Solanum workers. Non-molecular synapomorphies are proposed for many of the clades. Continued use of informal taxonomic designations is advocated for new infrageneric groups within Solanum.

Lynn Bohs

Papers

Bayesian estimation of the global biogeographical history of the Solanaceae

Ancient polymorphism reveals unidirectional breeding system shifts

Phylogenetic relationships in Solanum (Solanaceae) based on ndhF sequences

Phylogenetic relationships among the “spiny solanums” (Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae)

Major clades in Solanum based on ndhF sequence data