Evaluation of antibacterial textile covered by layer-by-layer coating and loaded with chlorhexidine for wound dressing application.

This study was carried out to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial properties of crude methanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata and its interactions with some standard antibiotics (Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wound samples. P. aeruginosa was isolated from wound samples from hospital patients in Enugu State, Nigeria using standard bacteriological methods. Methanolic extraction of C. odorata was carried out using Soxhlet extractor. The antimicrobial activity and in vitro interactions were evaluated using a combination of agar well diffusion and broth dilution techniques. The findings of this study showed that all the P. aeruginosa isolates were susceptible to the C. odorata methanolic crude extract at high concentrations. There were synergistic effects between the methanolic crude extract and the standard antibiotics compared to the potency observed when the methanolic crude extract was tested separately. Our findings give credence to the folkloric use of C. odorata for the treatment of wounds, especially P. aeruginosa infected wounds. There could be beneficial clinical application of the co-administration of standard antibiotics and the crude extract of C. odorata in the treatment of wound infections caused P. aeruginosa.

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Antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata and the effect of its combination with some conventional antibiotics on Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wounds

Wound infections is one of the major problems worldwide. Millions of people around the world require several medical treatments for wound infections. The extensive use of antibiotics to treat wound infection leads to emerging new microbial strains that are resistant to many antibiotics. There is a growing concern on the emergence and re-emergence of drug-resistant pathogens such as multi-resistant bacterial strains. Hence, the development of new antimicrobial compounds or the modification of those that already exist to improve antibacterial activity is a high research priority. Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) are considered as new alternative treatment for wound infection with superior antibacterial activity. In this study, new formulation of titanium oxide (TiO2) NPs with different sizes were synthesized and characterized. Genotoxicity, mutagenicity and antibacterial activities of tiO2 NPs against the causative agents of wound infection were investigated. Antibacterial activity of tiO2 NPs was conducted against three ATCC® bacterial strains: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results clearly illustrate a superior antibacterial activity of all newly formulated TiO2 NPs against the most causative agents of wound infection. Most of our TiO2 NPs showed non-genotoxic and non-mutagenic results at the maximum concentrations. Findings of this study will enhance the future of the therapeutic strategies against the resistant pathogenic strains that cause wound infections.

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Titanium Oxide (TiO 2 ) Nanoparticles for Treatment of Wound Infection

Purpose: We researched microbial profiles and the antimicrobial resistance profile of wound infection of the pelvic area in Korea for the recent 5 years in order to provide useful information on the choice of adequate drugs in the treatment of pelvic wound infection. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 211 pelvic wound culture samples and their antimicrobial resistance in 198 inor out-patients of the Urology and Plastic surgery department from January 2010 to December 2014. Results: Of the total samples, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated most frequently (35.3%), followed by Escherichia coli (15.1%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (12.6%), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (12.6%), Staphylococcus lugdunensis (8.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.7%), Enterococcus spp. (4.2%), and Streptococcus spp. (3.3%). There were no notable changes of bacterial distribution for 5 years. For Gram-positive isolates, the oxacillin resistance rate for Gram-positive bacteria was 42.6% and showed an increasing tendency for the recent 5 years. Piperacillin, rifampicin, and vancomycin had low resistance for Gram-positive bacteria. Carbapenems, piperacillin/tazobactam had low resistance for Gram-negative bacteria. The Gram-positive organisms were more sensitive to many antibiotics in contrast to the Gram-negative organisms. Conclusions: Of varied causative organisms and susceptibility of the pelvic wound site, the most frequently infected organisms of the pelvic area were S. aureus, followed by E. coli. The methicillin resistive S. aureus (MRSA) incidence showed a tendency to increase yearly, thus selection or early change of antibiotics considering MRSA is recommended if the antibiotic response is poor. Gram-negative bacteria has a higher resistance rate compared with Gram-positive bacteria and had carbapenems and piperacillin/tazobactam.

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Change of Antibiotic Resistance to the Causative Organisms of Pelvic Wound Infection for Recent 5 Years

The paper presents the results of a study of the action of A erococcu s autostrains on the model of a chronic blue pus infection. For the study of the action of Aerococcus autosymbiont strains on Pseudomonas aeruginosa , three of the most biochemically and antagonistically active isolates were selected: 1) 5m2015 (isolated from mice); 2) 3k2015 (isolated from rats); 3) 3ch2015 (isolated from humans). Experiments were conducted on 84 white outbred mice weighing 16–17 g, 60 were used as the experimental, and 24 as the control group. In the experimental group of animals, infected wounds were treated by Aerococcus autosymbiont strains once daily (0.2 billion ml –1 ) till recovery. The drug was administered under the scab with a syringe. In the control animals the wound was treated by isotonic sodium chloride solution (concentration 0.9%) with the same route of administration and for the same period of time. It was found that from the very first days of application of Aerococci autosymbiont strains, perifocal inflammation was less severe in most animals in the research group compared with the control group. Starting from the fourth day of usage of Aerococcus autosymbiont strains the number of pseudomonades, contained in secretions from wounds in the experimental group of mice was significantly lower than in the control animals. It was revealed that in case of application of Aerococcu s strain (5m2015) isolated from mice, the animals had better indicators of recovery, dynamics of local clinical signs of inflammation and the number of pseudomonades contained in the wound in comparison with other Aerococcus autostrains isolated from rats and humans. The wounds purified from pus and covered with dry scab faster. For example, wounds completely healed with dry scab rejection by the 11th day of observation in 44 of 58 surviving mice (75.9%). In the control group a similar pattern was observed in only 3 of 17 mice (17.6%) by that period. The number of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (equivalent to 1 ml of secretions wounds), expressed in logarithms, was 5.00 ± 0.16 on average on the 4th day in the treated mice, while the control group had the same amount of pseudomonades detected in the wounds (lg 5.22 ± 0.38; lg 5.12 ± 0.30) only on the 13–14th days of observation. We found different activity of strains, depending on the origin of microorganism and type host. Aerococcus viridians autosymbionts showed higher rates in the study of their activity in terms of the blue pus infection model in the treatment of the host and lower activity in treatment.of other species. The obtained data may warrant further study of application of Aerococcus autostrains for treatment and prevention of wound infection caused by pseudomonades.

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Experimental study of action of autostrains Aerococcus viridans on the model Pseudomonas infection

Background Wound is a disruption of normal anatomic structure and function of the skin, and any infection in this constitutes wound infection. Wound infection delays wound healing, and it causes wound breakdown, leading to increased hospital stay, morbidity and mortality. Most of the published data available focus on surgical site infections. In the developing countries, however, wound infection is an important cause of hospital mortality and morbidity. No data are available on the microbial profile of the wounds presenting at our hospital. Objective This study was thus designed to describe the microbial epidemiology and the antimicrobial resistance profile of the wounds of the patients presenting to the OPD. Methodology and results Retrospective review of records of all wound samples sent over 3 years from OPD was done. OPD sent 827 wound samples of 571 patients. Most common organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus [132 (35%)], followed by Escherichia coli [54 (14%)] and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [49 (13%)]. Of the 145 S. aureus strains, 43 (30%) strains were Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and none were resistant to vancomycin/linezolid/teicoplanin. Gram-negative organisms were resistant to most antibiotics tested. Conclusion Wound healing is halted in the presence of prolonged inflammation such as due to infection. Presence of bacteria delays wound healing, but the presence of low number of microbes is required for wound healing. Absence of appropriate signs to guide treatment becomes a reason for prolonged indiscriminate use of antibiotics which leads to rapid emergence of resistant organisms. Data generated by our study would help in the formulation of antibiotic policy for OPDs and also help in checking inadvertent antibiotic usage.

M. Balamurugan

Papers

Microbial epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of wound infections in out-patients at a level 1 trauma centre