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Principles Of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Endophytic fungi or endophytes exist widely inside the healthy tissues of living plants, and are important components of plant micro-ecosystems Over the long period of evolution, some co-existing endophytes and their host plants have established a special relationship with one and another, which can significantly influence the formation of metabolic products in plants, then affect quality and quantity of crude drugs derived from medicinal plants This paper will focus on the increasing knowledge of relationships between endophytic fungi and medicinal plants through reviewing of published research data obtained from the last 30 years The analytical results indicate that the distribution and population structure of endophytes can be considerably affected by factors, such as the genetic background, age, and environmental conditions of their hosts On the other hand, the endophytic fungi can also confer profound impacts on their host plants by enhancing their growth, increasing their fitness, strengthening their tolerances to abiotic and biotic stresses, and promoting their accumulation of secondary metabolites All the changes are very important for the production of bioactive components in their hosts Hence, it is essential to understand such relationships between endophytic fungi and their host medicinal plants Such knowledge can be well exploited and applied for the production of better and more drugs from medicinal plants

/pdf/a-friendly-relationship-between-endophytic-fungi-and-439bp4ddlc.pdf

A Friendly Relationship between Endophytic Fungi and Medicinal Plants: A Systematic Review.

https://quantalab.ias.csic.es/pdf/paper_verticillium_calderon_RSE_2013.pdf

High-resolution airborne hyperspectral and thermal imagery for early detection of Verticillium wilt of olive using fluorescence, temperature and narrow-band spectral indices.

Verticillium dahliae isolates from artichoke, bell pepper, cabbage, cauliflower, chili pepper, cotton, eggplant, lettuce, mint, potato, strawberry, tomato, and watermelon and V. albo-atrum from alfalfa were evaluated for their pathogenicity on all 14 hosts. One-month-old seedlings were inoculated with a spore suspension of about 10(7) conidia per ml using a root-dip technique and incubated in the greenhouse. Disease incidence and severity, plant height, and root and shoot dry weights were recorded 6 weeks after inoculation. Bell pepper, cabbage, cauliflower, cotton, eggplant, and mint isolates exhibited host specificity and differential pathogenicity on other hosts, whereas isolates from artichoke, lettuce, potato, strawberry, tomato, and watermelon did not. Bell pepper was resistant to all Verticillium isolates except isolates from bell pepper and eggplant. Thus, host specificity exists in some isolates of V. dahliae. The same isolates were characterized for vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) through complementation of nitrate nonutilizing (nit) mutants. Cabbage and cauliflower isolates did not produce nit mutants. The isolate from cotton belonged to VCG 1; isolates from bell pepper, eggplant, potato, and tomato, to VCG 4; and the remaining isolates, to VCG 2. These isolates were also analyzed using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. Forty random primers were screened, and eighteen of them amplified DNA from Verticillium. Based on RAPD banding patterns, cabbage and cauliflower isolates formed a unique group, distinct from other V. dahliae and V. albo-atrum groups. Minor genetic variations were observed among V. dahliae isolates from other hosts, regardless of whether they were host specific or not. There was no correlation among pathogenicity, VCGs, and RAPD banding patterns. Even though the isolates belonged to different VCGs, they shared similar RAPD profiles. These results suggest that management of Verticillium wilt in some crops through crop rotation is a distinct possibility.

/pdf/host-range-specificity-in-verticillium-dahliae-206ahkummz.pdf

Host Range Specificity in Verticillium dahliae.

'Compatibility' describes the complementary relationship between a plant species and an adapted pathogen species that underlies susceptibility and which ultimately results in disease. Owing to elaborate surveillance systems and defence mechanisms on the plant side and a common lack of adaptation of many microbial pathogens, resistance is the rule and compatibility the exception for most plant-microbe combinations. While there has been major scientific interest in 'resistance' in the past decade, which has revealed many of its underlying molecular components, the analysis of 'compatibility', although intimately intertwined with 'resistance', has not been pursued with a similar intensity. Various recent studies, however, provide a first glimpse of the pivotal players and potential molecular mechanisms essential for compatibility in both the plant and parasite partners. In this review we highlight these findings with a particular emphasis on obligate biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal and oomycete pathogens and discuss novel strategies that might help to uncover further the molecular principles underlying compatibility to these highly specialized pathogens.

/pdf/tete-a-tete-inside-a-plant-cell-establishing-compatibility-8rwgvdf7tm.pdf

Tête à tête inside a plant cell: establishing compatibility between plants and biotrophic fungi and oomycetes.

https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-06-11-0496

Verticillium Wilt, A Major Threat to Olive Production: Current Status and Future Prospects for its Management

Fifty-seven wild olive accessions collected from the Mediterranean basin were screened under greenhouse conditions for their resistance to verticillium wilt. Plants were root-dip inoculated. One defoliating and one non-defoliating isolate of Verticillium dahliae, both obtained from diseased plants in southern Italy, were used. Plants of the highly susceptible cv. Cima di Mola, frequently used as a rootstock in Apulia, were also included in this test. Disease reactions were evaluated on the basis of external symptoms, vascular browning and by calculating areas under disease progress curves (audpc). On the basis of audpc values and external symptom severity, accessions were grouped into four phenotypic groups: highly resistant, moderately resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible. Three accessions showed high resistance to both V. dahliae pathotypes. Forty resistant plants were selected from accessions that had shown the highest levels of resistance. Clones were obtained from each of these plants by in vitro micropropagation for further testing. Ten clones showed the resistance characteristics of their original mother plants, while others suffered greater levels of disease severity than their mother plants. Several new olive rootstocks were identified that were highly resistant to verticillium wilt and could be included in breeding programmes for resistance of olive to V. dahliae.

Sources of verticillium wilt resistance in wild olive germplasm from the Mediterranean region

The potential of grafting susceptible cultivars onto resistant rootstocks was evaluated for the control of Verticillium wilt in olive. Clones of the cultivars ‘Frantoio’ (highly resistant), ‘Coratina’ (susceptible) and ‘Leccino’ (highly susceptible) were used as scions and rootstocks in all combinations, inoculated by root-dipping with a defoliating (D) pathotype of Verticillium dahliae, and incubated in the greenhouse for 3 months. Ninety days after inoculation, non-grafted plants of ‘Frantoio’ and all cultivars grafted onto ‘Frantoio’ were devoid of wilt symptoms, while non-grafted plants of ‘Coratina’ (AUDPC = 203.3) and ‘Leccino’ (AUDPC = 167.3) were characterized as susceptible. In contrast, when ‘Frantoio’ was grafted onto susceptible rootstocks, plants became susceptible (AUDPC of 139.8 and 108.9 on ‘Frantoio’ grafted onto ‘Coratina’ and Leccino’, respectively). No significant difference occurred for vascular browning severity and frequency of V. dahliae reisolation from trunk tissues, though the pathogen was less abundant in the xylem of ‘Frantoio’. Microscopic observations on plugging of xylem vessels are presented. Grafting of susceptible olive cultivars ‘Leccino’ and ‘Coratina’ onto resistant rootstock ‘Frantoio’ provided an excellent control of Verticillium wilt. It is postulated that the resistance of ‘Frantoio’ occurs mainly in the roots and involves biochemical mechanisms rather than plant structural characteristics.

Control of Verticillium wilt of olive by resistant rootstocks

Among 146 accessions of Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium, 132 of L. esculentum var. cerasiforme and 53 of L. peruvianum screened for resistance to powdery mildew, caused by Oidium lycopersici, a wide variation in reactions was found. Two plants of L. esculentum var. cerasiforme accession LA-1230 were resistant. One resistant symptomless plant of accession LA-1230, designated LC-95, produced homozygous resistant progenies. LC-95 was crossed with cv. Marmande (susceptible parent) and F1 ,F 2and backcrosses to the resistant and the susceptible parents were derived. These genotypes were grown in glasshouses at 238C and 95‐100% RH and inoculated with O. lycopersici .T he F 1plants were susceptible. F2 and backcross segregations fitted the hypothesis of a single recessive gene which is here designated ol-2.

M. Cirulli

Papers

Verticillium Wilt, A Major Threat to Olive Production: Current Status and Future Prospects for its Management

Sources of verticillium wilt resistance in wild olive germplasm from the Mediterranean region

Control of Verticillium wilt of olive by resistant rootstocks

Occurrence and inheritance of resistance to powdery mildew (Oidium lycopersici) in Lycopersicon species

Endophytic fungi occurring in fennel, lettuce, chicory, and celery--commercial crops in southern Italy.