M.D. Luque de Castro

TL;DR: High selective identification of triterpenes was confirmed by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) using the most representative transitions from the precursor ion to the different product ions, while the most sensitive transitions were used for MS-MS quantitation.

TL;DR: A screening test based on laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and a method for individual identification - quantitation of aflatoxins (AFs) in olive leaves and drupes, based on chromatographic separation and triple-quad mass-spectrometry detection with electrospray ionization in positive mode, is here reported.

TL;DR: In this article, a continuous ultrasound-assisted approach to enhance the extraction of nine haloacetic acids (HAAs) from vegetables with in situ derivatization to methyl esters for their gas chromatography (GC) analysis is presented.

TL;DR: The development of portable miniaturized devices has facilitated the decentralization of analyses, a primary goal for this century, by enabling real time, in situ, on-line, in-vivo monitoring of processes without the need for skilled operators or special equipment.

Abstract: Publisher Summary The two continuous membrane-based separation techniques rely on different principles: (1) liquid–liquid extraction and (2) filtration. This chapter discusses different ways in which continuous liquid–liquid extraction (CLLE) can be implemented. The chapter focuses on conventional continuous filtration and filter-less filtration modes, such as those based on the use of knotted reactors or some special effects of ultrasound (US). Filtration requires the presence of two different states––solid and liquid in the system and their physical separation. Liquid–liquid extraction is mainly based on the solubility of the target species in a phase immiscible with the sample, on mass transfer of the analytes between two immiscible phases that can be brought into contact either directly or through a membrane. Whereas the two liquid phases in dialysis processes must be separated by a membrane, the use of such a membrane is always optional in liquid–liquid extraction. CLLE across membranes is implemented in both flow injection analysis (FIA) and air-segmented flow systems. The basic components of a continuous liquid–liquid extractor are diagrammatically represented. In continuous filtration with a filter, the filtering unit can be made of various materials, including stainless steel, disposable membranes, and packed beds. The uses of filtration in a dynamic analytical process depend on the particular purpose and the way solid–liquid separation is accomplished.