X-ray diffraction analysis by Williamson-Hall, Halder-Wagner and size-strain plot methods of CdSe nanoparticles- a comparative study

Introduction Genetics of Elastase In vitro Substrates of Elastase—Clues to in vivo Function? Regulation and Function of Elastase Inhibition by and Evasion of Antiproteases Elastase Release by Neutrophils Involvement of Elastase in Neutrophil Transvascular Emigration into the Interstitium Membrane-bound Elastase: Vectorial Migration of the Neutrophil? Cytotoxicity and Wound Healing Evidence for the Role of Elastase in ARDS in Humans Animal Models of Lung Injury and Leukocyte Elastase Studies of Protease Inhibitors and Experimental Lung Injury Studies with Elastase Knockout Mice Studies of Elastase Inhibitors in Human Lung Injury in Sepsis Conclusions and Unanswered Questions A balance between injury and benefit: a modulator of the inflammatory response?

Leukocyte elastase: physiological functions and role in acute lung injury.

The endothelial luminal glycocalyx has been largely ignored as a target in vascular pathophysiology even though it occupies a key location. As a model of the inflammatory response, we tested the hy...

https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/ajpheart.2000.279.6.H2815

TNF-α increases entry of macromolecules into luminal endothelial cell glycocalyx

We report on a comparison of methods based on XRD patterns for calculating crystal size In this case, XRD peaks were extracted from hydroxyapatite obtained from cow, pig, and chicken bones Hydroxyapatite was synthesized through the thermal treatment of natural bones at 950 °C XRD patterns were selected by adjustment of X-Pert software for each method and for calculating the size of the crystals Methods consisted of Scherrer (three models), Monshi-Scherrer, three models of Williamson-Hall (namely the Uniform Deformation Model (UDM), the Uniform Stress Deformation Model (USDM), and the Uniform Deformation Energy Density Model (UDEDM)), Halder-Wanger (H-W), and the Size Strain Plot Method (SSP) These methods have been used and compared together The sizes of crystallites obtained by the XRD patterns in each method for hydroxyapatite from cow, pig, and chicken were 1371, 457, and 196 nm in the Scherrer method when considering all of the available peaks together (straight line model) A new model (straight line passing the origin) gave 60, 60, and 53 nm, which shows much improvement The average model gave 56, 58, and 52 nm, for each of the three approaches, respectively, for cow, pig, and chicken The Monshi-Scherrer method gave 60, 60, and 57 nm Values of 56, 62, and 65 nm were given by the UDM method The values calculated by the USDM method were 60, 62, and 62 nm The values of 62, 62, and 65 nm were given by the UDEDM method for cow, pig, and chicken, respectively Furthermore, the crystal size value was 4 nm for all samples in the H-W method Values were also calculated as 43, 62, and 57 nm in the SSP method for cow, pig, and chicken tandemly According to the comparison of values in each method, the Scherrer method (straight line model) for considering all peaks led to unreasonable values Nevertheless, other values were in the acceptable range, similar to the reported values in the literature Experimental analyses, such as specific surface area by gas adsorption (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), were utilized In the final comparison, parameters of accuracy, ease of calculations, having a check point for the researcher, and difference between the obtained values and experimental analysis by BET and TEM were considered The Monshi-Scherrer method provided ease of calculation and a decrease in errors by applying least squares to the linear plot There is a check point for this line that the slope must not be far from one Then, the intercept gives the most accurate crystal size In this study, the setup of values for BET (56, 52, and 49 nm) was also similar to the Monshi-Scherrer method and the use of it in research studies of nanotechnology is advised

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/10/9/1627/pdf

Comparing Methods for Calculating Nano Crystal Size of Natural Hydroxyapatite Using X-Ray Diffraction.

Myeloperoxidase attracts neutrophils by physical forces

Following earlier approaches in this series of work, detailed x‐ray peak‐shift, peak‐asymmetry, and peak‐broadening analyses have been performed on the x‐ray diffraction line profiles obtained from cold‐worked filings of five compositions of Cu‐Al alloys in the fcc phase, namely, Cu‐3.7, 6.7, 12.3, 14.9, and 18.4 at. % Al. The analysis reveals an increased presence of stacking faults of an intrinsic nature, primarily responsible for the observed peak shift and domain size peak broadening. A very small presence of extrinsic stacking faults accounts for the observed asymmetry in the profiles, and the twin faults are nearly absent. The effective particle sizes decrease and microstrains increase with increasing solute concentration, and these are anisotropic in nature. An estimation of dislocation density ρ and stacking fault energy γ for the alloys was also made which tends to predict a reasonably good value of γ0 (27 mJ/m2) for pure copper. Annealing experiments on three alloys with an increased concentrati...

An x‐ray diffraction study of lattice imperfections in cold‐worked face‐centered‐cubic alloys. VI. Copper‐aluminum (α phase)

This review concerns our recent investigations with a series of binary fcc Ag- and Cu-base alloys (viz Ag-Ga, Ag-Ge, Ag-Al and Cu-Ga, Cu-Ge) from detailed analyses of x-ray diffraction line profiles, the importance of which has been briefly summarized. The theoretical formulations of the Warren-Averbach’s method of Fourier analysis of peak-shapes along with the methods of peak-shift and peak-asymmetry have been outlined. A preview on the significant studies carried out earlier with Ag- and Cu-base (fcc) binary alloys has been made in short. A detailed analyses on the recorded profiles in the present considerations revealed, in general, quantitative estimates of several microstructural parameters characterising the deformed state of the materials namely, propensity of stacking faults (intrinsic, extrinsic and twin faults), rms microstrains, coherent domain sizes, long-range residual stresses, lattice parameter changes, dislocation density and stacking fault energy. The results indicate a general trend of increase in the concentrations of stacking faults, primarily, of intrinsic character, with increase in solute concentrations; which are solely responsible for the observed peak-shifts as well as domain size broadening. Small asymmetry in the profiles is due to the presence of extrinsic stacking faults, relatively less in magnitude compared to the intrinsic ones while the deformation twin faults are almost absent—an observation with significance. The dislocation density, quite appreciable in magnitude, has been evaluated from the anisotropic values of the coherent domain sizes and rms microstrains. The stacking fault energies of pure Ag and Cu, an important parameter have also been estimated and compared with those obtained from electron microscopy. Annealing experiments with a Ag-5·8% Al alloy, aluminium being a precipitating solute, do not reveal any detectable evidence of solute segregation at the stacking faults. The occurrence of stacking faults in the alloy systems has been correlated with a number of physical factors involving solvent-solute types.

Lattice imperfection studies in polycrystalline materials by x-ray diffraction line-profile analysis

The state of cold work in the ternary Cu‐Ni‐Zn alloy system (fcc) has been investigated by x‐ray diffraction from a detailed analysis of the peak shift, peak asymmetry, and peak broadening. Cold working in the system produces an appreciable amount of intrinsic stacking faults which play the most important role in peak broadening as well as in shifting the positions of the diffraction profiles. For the observed peak shift, the other contributing factors (namely, lattice‐parameter change and long‐range residual stresses) are relatively small. Asymmetry in the profiles is due to the presence of a very small amount of extrinsic stacking fault, and deformation twins have been found to be totally absent. The estimations of domain size, rms strains, and the dislocation density in the alloys have been made from the peak‐broadening analysis, and the stacking‐fault energy for pure copper has also been evaluated and has been found to be comparable. The presence of the transitional solute Ni from 1 to 15 wt% has a very small influence in altering the microstructural parameters, which, however, vary gradually with the increase of zinc concentration from 24 to 34 wt% uninfluenced by the nickel content in a manner similar to that observed earlier for the binary Cu‐Zn system.

An x‐ray diffraction study on the microstructures of cold‐worked fcc Cu‐Ni‐Zn alloys

The deformation stacking fault probability α and twin stacking fault probability β in cold-worked copper-antimony alloys have been obtained from peak shift and peak asymmetry measurements of the X-ray line profiles, and the fault parameter α has been found to increase in a roughly parabolic manner with increasing solute concentration but the increase with increasing solute valency for fixed e / a is not clearly established. The anisotropic values of the particle size [ D e ] h k l and r. m. s. strain [ ] h k l 1/2 have been evaluated using both Fourier analysis of line shapes and integral breadth methods, and the lattice parameters have been found to vary considerably with increasing solute content. The values of the compound fault probability (1.5α+β) obtained from two independent methods are in fair agreement and the role of stacking faults in the particle size broadening is clearly seen. Particle sizes and strain values are also utilized for an estimation of dislocation density ρ in the cold-wor...

X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Cold-Worked Copper-Antimony Alloys

The earlier X-ray data of stacking-fault probabilities in some cold-worked Cu-base and Ag-base alloys have been reanalysed to detect the presence of extrinsic faults. Results indicate that these are present in the alloys having higher solute content. The probability of their occurrence increases with the increase of the valency of the solutes and with the increase of intrinsic faults and decrease of twin faults. However, in certain cases, the measured twin-fault probabilities not only decrease, but become unreasonably large and negative. The observations are in accordance with recent findings on the occurrence of extrinsic faults in cold-worked face-centred cubic alloys.

M. De

Papers

An x‐ray diffraction study of lattice imperfections in cold‐worked face‐centered‐cubic alloys. VI. Copper‐aluminum (α phase)

Lattice imperfection studies in polycrystalline materials by x-ray diffraction line-profile analysis

An x‐ray diffraction study on the microstructures of cold‐worked fcc Cu‐Ni‐Zn alloys

X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Cold-Worked Copper-Antimony Alloys

On the occurrence of extrinsic stacking faults in some copper-base and silver-base alloys