Objective
To explore and document the information regarding usage of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants utilized by rural farmers and traditional herbal healers for livestock healthcare in Tikamgarh District of Bundelkhnad, Central India.

An ethnobotanical study of plants used for the treatment of livestock diseases in Tikamgarh District of Bundelkhand, Central India

Livestock production, particularly the dairy sector, is important for food and nutritional wellbeing of communities in India, it supports livelihoods of many farmers, and contributes to the economy of the country. India is a high consumer of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria are a major public health concern. Our objectives were to identify animal health and drug use practices that may contribute to emergence and spread of AMR in the country, review previous AMR- mitigation strategies, and discuss “theory of change” as an approach to informing the choice of interventions. We undertook a desk review of literature to identify practices with potential to contribute to emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in India. Searches were done in PubMed, Google scholar, and Google. Data were synthesized and discussed by themes. Animal disease surveillance is less developed and infrastructure to support delivery of services is inadequate. Several groups are known to offer animal health services. The untrained “animal health workers” and para-veterinarians are more popular with farmers as they charge less for consultations (compared to veterinarians who are few and charge more). Over-the-counter access of antibiotics, without prescription, and direct marketing of drugs to farmers are common. Because of this, farmers are able to treat their animals and only consult when cases become non- responsive to treatment. Antibiotics are mostly used in management of mastitis cases. Drug withdrawal periods are rarely observed and occurrence of antibiotic- contaminated milk has been reported. Awareness on AMR is low and antimicrobial stewardship in livestock is yet to be developed. Initiatives such as the National programme for containment of AMR, National Action Plan on AMR, and the National Health policy point to government’s commitment in addressing the problem of AMR in the country. Several animal health and drug use practices, with potential to cause AMR, have been described, and their contribution can be discussed further by engaging stakeholders in a “theory of change” exercise. Interventions that address AMR from the animal health perspective should be promoted, and incentives to increase their adoption explored.

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A review of animal health and drug use practices in India, and their possible link to antimicrobial resistance

.................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Study Region .................................................................................... 2 1.2 Vegetation and Flora ........................................................................ 4 1.3 Ethnic Diversity ............................................................................... 5 1.4 Utilization Aspects of Ethnobotanical Knowledge .......................... 6 1.5 General Reviews on Ethnobotany of India .................................... 10

Ethnobotany of India.

New claims in folk veterinary medicines from Uttar Pradesh, India.

Purpose
The aim of the present investigation was to document the phytotherapeutic knowledge and veterinary healthcare management practices among the Tharu tribal community of Uttar Pradesh, India and to determine the consensus of such practices, in order to evaluate the potential for new veterinary drugs of herbal origin.

Documentation and determination of consensus about phytotherapeutic veterinary practices among the Tharu tribal community of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Livestock is an important component of agriculture in India. In Bundelkhand region of Central India, animals are reared for milk, manure, draft and as wealth. The traditional practices in animal feeding and healthcare are area specific and depend upon the locally available bioresources. In the study, efforts have been made to evaluate the livestock feeding calendar and traditional healthcare practices by participatory rural appraisal, survey and focused group discussion. The fodder and feed resources being used in the area are poor in quality and not easily available. The plant and raw material used in disease control were found to have strong scientific validation. This further justifies the importance of traditional practices. The blending of traditional knowledge with modern system and improved technologies is needed for wider acceptability and adaptability by farmers.

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/8161/1/IJTK%209%282%29%20333-337.pdf

Livestock feeding and traditional healthcare practices in Bundelkhand region of Central India

The effect of precipitation present in the path of Earth-space communication links, in terms of fading of the signal, is well known. The calculation of fade margin required for 99.99% of the time availability of such links requires the knowledge of various location-specific meteorological parameters, amongst which rain height is prominent. This paper presents results from measurements conducted at Amritsar during a single rain event that took place on September 19, 2005, using a zenith-pointing Dicke-type radiometer at 29 GHz in the form of sky noise temperature. The output of the radiometer along with rain rate, derived from colocated tipping-bucket rain gauge, has been used to obtain a formula relating zenith path attenuation and rain rate. Further, the values of zenith path attenuation and rain rate along with specific attenuation coefficients a and b to obtain effective rain height. It was found that rain height cannot be taken as constant as it is dependent on rain rate. The average rain height during the event was estimated to be 3.54 km with root mean square error of 3.0 km

Estimation of Effective Rain Height at 29 GHz at Amritsar (Tropical Region)

The need of higher bandwidth systems has led the system designer to shift into higher frequency region. But working at these high frequency regions is not that easy. The paper presents results of the measurements of rain induced attenuation of a LOS link operating at 28.75 GHz at Amritsar (31°36′ N 74° 52′ E) for a single event that occurred on the 15th Nov., 2004. The results have been compared with those of ITU-R Model. It is observed that there is a significant difference between the attenuation levels measured and those predicted by using ITU-R model.

Measurement of Rain Induced Attenuation over a Line of Sight Link Operating at 28.75 GHz at Amritsar (INDIA)

The use of the radiometer in the passive remote sensing is a very much-established fact now The present paper explores the possibility of the use of radiometer as a tool to detect a metallic mine A radiometer tuned to the frequency of 299 GHz has been used for the purpose The experiments were conducted aiming at detecting a mine buried under soil and under plastic envelope The results in the form of response curve show the ability of the radiometer to detect the metallic mine buried under soil and a plastic envelope Further experiments have also been conducted to study the temperature variation of the response The results can be used to develop an algorithm for the detection of mine using radiometer

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/10688/33744/01606346.pdf

Passive remote sensing of a buried object using a 29.9 GHz radiometer

The attenuation of microwave signal due to rain is a well established fact now. Localized models based on the rain rate and attenuation statistics is the basic necessity for a RF communication system designer. For development of any such model, we need long term statistics. These days most of the metrological data that is available is in the form of either 5-min or 10-min average rain rate and if we want to utilize this data, we need to convert this into 1-min equivalent average rain fall. In this paper, a formula has been purposed for the conversion of 5 min and 10 min average rain rate into 1 min equivalent average rain rate.

A Formula for the Conversion of 5-Minute Average, 10 Minute Average Rain Rate into 1-Minute Average Rain Rate for Prediction of Rain Induced Attenuation

M. L. Singh

Papers

Livestock feeding and traditional healthcare practices in Bundelkhand region of Central India

Estimation of Effective Rain Height at 29 GHz at Amritsar (Tropical Region)

Measurement of Rain Induced Attenuation over a Line of Sight Link Operating at 28.75 GHz at Amritsar (INDIA)

Passive remote sensing of a buried object using a 29.9 GHz radiometer

A Formula for the Conversion of 5-Minute Average, 10 Minute Average Rain Rate into 1-Minute Average Rain Rate for Prediction of Rain Induced Attenuation