Elements Of X Ray Diffraction

We demonstrate the direct synthesis of CdS thin films by spin coating method with thiol-amine co-solvents system. Annealing of the films at various temperatures has been performed in the air using simple glass protector. The XRD patterns show a strong peak along (110) plane related to cubic lattice while two weak peaks at (002) and (100) planes indicate the hexagonal symmetry for the CdS thin films. The Raman peak at 305 cm−1 also confirms the formation of crystalline CdS thin films. The FTIR study also reveals the formation of CdS thin films. The SEM images reveal the surface uniformity and homogeneity of the CdS thin films. The EDX results indicate nearly stoichiometric CdS thin films. The optical band gap of CdS thin films is ~ 2.4 eV when coated at 2000 rpm and annealed at 300 °C for 5 min. These findings indicate that synthesized CdS films are potential candidates for solution-processed CdTe/CdS solar cells.

A novel synthesis and characterization of transparent CdS thin films for CdTe/CdS solar cells

CdS thin films doped and co-doped with Fe and Mn were prepared by spray pyrolysis technique and the films were portrayed by X-ray diffraction, laser Raman, XPS, FESEM with EDAX, UV–Vis, PL, and VSM analyses. The structural parameters were identified and the crystalline nature of the films was confirmed by X-ray diffraction patterns. The different optical phonon modes of vibrations present in the films were studied using laser Raman analysis. XPS analysis was used to study the binding states of electrons at various energy levels and the binding energy shift due to doping in the thin films under study was also determined. The morphology of the thin films was studied using FESEM technique and the change in the morphologies due to doping is evident from the images. To resolve the band gap of the material of the thin films before and after doping, UV–Vis absorption spectra have been recorded using UV–Vis spectrophotometer. It is found that the band gap has been tuned due to doping. PL spectral studies and VSM studies have been employed to study the luminescence and magnetic properties, respectively, with respect to the doping elements. The presence of weak ferromagnetic nature of the doped films indicates that the defects created by the doped elements induced ferromagnetic property even in the CdS thin film.

Structural, optical and magnetic behaviors of Fe/Mn-doped and co-doped CdS thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis method

Single step electrochemical deposition for the fabrication of CZTS kesterite thin films for solar cells

Highly stable ethanol-based Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) low-cost thin film absorber: Effect of solution aging

In present work, we report synthesis of nanocrystalline Kesterite copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) films by RF magnetron sputtering method. Influence of calcination temperature on structural, morphology, optical, and electrical properties has been investigated. Formation of CZTS has been confirmed by XPS, whereas formation of Kesterite-CZTS films has been confirmed by XRD, TEM, and Raman spectroscopy. It has been observed that crystallinity and average grain size increase with increase in calcination temperature and CZTS crystallites have preferred orientation in (112) direction. NC-AFM analysis revealed the formation of uniform, densely packed, and highly interconnected network of grains of CZTS over the large area. Furthermore, surface roughness of CZTS films increases with increase in calcination temperature. Optical bandgap estimated using UV–Visible spectroscopy decreases from 1.91 eV for as-deposited CZTS film to 1.59 eV for the film calcinated at 400 °C which is quite close to optimum value of bandgap for energy conversion in visible region. The photo response shows a significant improvement with increase in calcinations temperature. The employment these films in solar cells can improve the conversion efficiency by reducing recombination rate of photo-generated charge carriers due to larger grain size. However, further detail study is needed before its realization in the solar cells.

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Madhavi Chaudhari

Papers

Effect of calcination temperature on the properties of CZTS absorber layer prepared by RF sputtering for solar cell applications

Effect of Bath Temperature on Optical and Morphology Properties of CdS Thin Films Grown by Chemical Bath Deposition