THE PHENOMENON OF MULTILINGUALISM is as old as humanity, but multilingualism has been catapulted to a new world order in the 21st century. Social relations, knowledge structures, and webs of power are experienced bymany people as highly mobile and interconnected—for good and for bad—as a result of broad sociopolitical events and global markets. As a consequence, today’s multilingualism is enmeshed in globalization, technologization, and mobility. Communication and meaning-making are often felt as deterritorialized, that is, lived as something “which does not belong to one locality but which organizes translocal trajectories and wider spaces” (Blommaert, 2010, p. 46), while language use and learning are seen as emergent, dynamic, unpredictable, open ended, and intersubjectively negotiated. In this context, increasingly numerous and more diverse populations of adults and youth become multilingual and transcultural later in life, either by elective choice or by forced circumstances, or for a mixture of reasons. They must learn to negotiate complex demands and opportunities for varied, emergent competencies across their languages. Understanding such learning requires the integrative consideration of learners’ mental and neurobiological processing, remembering and categorizing patterns, and momentto-moment use of language in conjunction with a variety of socioemotional, sociocultural, sociopolitical, and ideological factors. The field of second language acquisition (SLA) seeks (a) to understand the processes by which school-aged children, adolescents, and adults learn and use, at any point in life, an additional language, including second, foreign,

A Transdisciplinary Framework for SLA in a Multilingual World

Despite the fact that learners’ identities are thought to be shaped by foreign/second (L2) language learning, the emergence of self-related issues in L2 motivation research is relatively recent. The aim of the present chapter is to summarize our knowledge about one particular self-theory in relation to L2 learning motivation, that is, the L2 Motivational Self System (L2MSS) (Dornyei, The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2005) and its components: the ideal L2 self, the ought-to L2 self and L2 learning experience. I start by describing the emergence of the model and introducing empirical investigations about the verification of constructs pertaining to the model. Next, I present research that has been conducted on the model, paying special attention to the interdisciplinary nature of the relevant studies, to the concept of motivation as vision, and to contextual issues, multilingualism, and the model’s potential links to dynamic systems theory. Finally, future research directions are suggested by taking into account the strength of the model and the shortcomings of previous research.

The L2 Motivational Self System

Part I. Research Issues in Second Language Teacher Education: 1. The Unstudied Problem: Research in learning to teach second languages Part II. Studies of Teacher Decision-Making: 2. Teacher decision-making in the adult ESL classroom 3. Starting all over again: From teaching adults to teaching beginners Part III. Narrative Studies: 4. I'm not typical: Stories of becoming a Spanish teacher 5. Learning to teach together teaching to learn together 6. The language learner's autobiography: Examining the apprenticeship of observation Part IV. Language and Discourse-Based Studies: 7. What's in a Methodology? 8. The role of collaborative dialogue in teacher education 9. Renaming experience/reconstructing practice: Developing new understandings of teaching Part V. Teacher Learning: The Preservice Experience: 10. Learning How to Teach: a case study of teachers in the RSA Cert. 11. Student foreign language teachers' knowledge growth 12. multicultural Classrooms and cultural communities of teachers Part VI. Teacher Learning: In-School Practice: 13. The vision vs. the reality: the tensions of the TESOL practicum 14. Towards reflective teaching: curriculum development and action research Part VII. Teacher Learning: Specific Teacher Education Interventions: 15. Learning how to teach ESL writing 16. When input becomes intake: tracing the sources of teachers' attitude change 17. Theorizing from practice: case studies of training ESL teachers through structural reflection.

Teacher learning in language teaching=语言教学中的教师进修

http://simon-borg.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Borg-2011-System.pdf

The impact of in-service teacher education on language teachers' beliefs

This study involves a large-scale investigation of willingness to communicate (WTC) in Chinese English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) classrooms. A hypothesized model integrating WTC in English, communication confidence, motivation, learner beliefs, and classroom environment was tested using structural equation modeling. Validation of the measurements involved exploratory factor analyses on the dataset collected in a pilot study and confirmatory factor analyses in the main study. The results show that classroom environment predicts WTC, communication confidence, learner beliefs, and motivation. Motivation influences WTC indirectly through confidence. The direct effect of learner beliefs on motivation and confidence is identified. The model provides an adequate fit to the data, indicating the potential to draw on individual and contextual variables to account for classroom communication.

Willingness to Communicate in English: A Model in the Chinese EFL Classroom Context

1. Introduction 2. Background knowledge 3. Generating and enhancing vision in language learners 4. Revitalising language teacher motivation 5. Conclusion: visionary teaching, visionary learning.

Motivating Learners, Motivating Teachers: Building Vision in the Language Classroom

Understanding language teachers' mental lives (Walberg, 1972), and how these shape and are shaped by the activity of language teaching in diverse sociocultural contexts, has been at the forefront of the sub discipline of applied linguistics that has become known as language teacher cognition. Although the collective research efforts within this domain have contributed critical insights into what language teachers know, believe, and think in relation to their work (cf. Borg, 2006), limited progress has been achieved in addressing some of the most pertinent questions asked by applied linguists, policy makers, and the general public alike: How do language teachers create meaningful learning environments for their students? How can teacher education and continuing professional development facilitate such learning in language teachers? By revisiting the domain's epistemological, conceptual, and ethical foundations, this special issue sets an agenda for reinvigorated inquiry into language teacher cognition that aims to redraw its current boundaries and thus reclaim its relevance to the wider domain of applied linguistics and to the real-world concerns of language teachers, language teacher educators, and language learners around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Language Teacher Cognition in Applied Linguistics Research: Revisiting the Territory, Redrawing the Boundaries, Reclaiming the Relevance

The prominent current tendency in applied linguistics to situate its theory and research has seen parallel shifts in the type of research methodologies being employed. Increasingly, decontextualized laboratory methodologies are giving way to more holistic approaches, and these, in turn, involve a significant shift in the researchers' roles, relationships, and ethical responsibilities. By providing examples of specific ethical dilemmas that arose in the process of a longitudinal classroom-based research project, I aim to illustrate that adherence to general “macroethical” principles established in professional codes of ethics may be inadequate for ensuring ethical research in the situated era, which warrants the expansion of the ethical lenses and consideration of alternative microethical models. I conclude with a call for developing a more contextualized code of practice that would integrate both perspectives and recognize the ability to reflect on the ethical consequences of research practice as a core competence of applied linguists.

Rethinking Research Ethics in Contemporary Applied Linguistics: The Tension Between Macroethical and Microethical Perspectives in Situated Research

This article lays out the proposition that the rapid changes in 21st-century society, in which multilingualism is the norm, have presented new challenges, questions, and resources with regard to the roles, tasks, and contributions of language teachers. In line with recent research developments and in keeping with tradition, we believe it helpful to think of language teachers' broader identity role as that of moral agent. We examine implications that such a re-envisioning has for the knowledge base of language teachers and for the purposes and practices of language teacher education and professional development. Drawing on research in language teacher education, language teacher cognition, second language acquisition, and applied linguistics more broadly, we highlight the need to go beyond traditional notions of teachers' knowledge of language, language learning, and language learners. We also subject to critical scrutiny the notions of effective pedagogies and reflective practice as the desired outcomes of language teacher preparation and development. Instead, we introduce critical alternatives that offer creative possibilities for educating teachers able and willing to serve student populations with diverse language learning needs across interlinguistic, sociopolitical, and historical contexts of language teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Re-Envisioning the Roles, Tasks, and Contributions of Language Teachers in the Multilingual Era of Language Education Research and Practice.

Prologue Acknowledgements Introduction Teacher Change Research: A Critical Overview Theories of Learning and Change in Psychology Pulling it Together: An Integrated Model of Language Teacher Conceptual Change The Study of Language Teachers' Conceptual Change: Grounded Theory Ethnography It's Not What They Know, It's Who They See: Ideal Selves as Central Cognitions in Conceptual Change Emotional Dissonance: Essential but Insufficient Catalyst for Conceptual Change When Change Threatens the Teachers' Sense of Self: Emotional Battles in Balancing Ideal, Ought-to and Feared Selves It's Not as Simple as It Sounds: Teacher Change as a Multifaceted, Situated, Emerging and Dynamic Process Conclusion: New Metaphors for Researching and Educating for Teacher Change Epilogue

Magdalena Kubanyiova

Papers

Motivating Learners, Motivating Teachers: Building Vision in the Language Classroom

Language Teacher Cognition in Applied Linguistics Research: Revisiting the Territory, Redrawing the Boundaries, Reclaiming the Relevance

Rethinking Research Ethics in Contemporary Applied Linguistics: The Tension Between Macroethical and Microethical Perspectives in Situated Research

Re-Envisioning the Roles, Tasks, and Contributions of Language Teachers in the Multilingual Era of Language Education Research and Practice.

Teacher Development in Action : Understanding Language Teachers' Conceptual Change