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Methods Of Enzymatic Analysis

Climate change is an invisible, silent killer with calamitous effects on living organisms As the sessile organism, plants experience a diverse array of abiotic stresses during ontogenesis The relentless climatic changes amplify the intensity and duration of stresses, making plants dwindle to survive Plants convert 1-2% of consumed oxygen into reactive oxygen species (ROS), in particular, singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide radical (O2•-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (•OH), etc as a byproduct of aerobic metabolism in different cell organelles such as chloroplast, mitochondria, etc The regulatory network comprising enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems tends to keep the magnitude of ROS within plant cells to a non-damaging level However, under stress conditions, the production rate of ROS increases exponentially, exceeding the potential of antioxidant scavengers instigating oxidative burst, which affects biomolecules and disturbs cellular redox homeostasis ROS are similar to a double-edged sword; and, when present below the threshold level, mediate redox signaling pathways that actuate plant growth, development, and acclimatization against stresses The production of ROS in plant cells displays both detrimental and beneficial effects However, exact pathways of ROS mediated stress alleviation are yet to be fully elucidated Therefore, the review deposits information about the status of known sites of production, signaling mechanisms/pathways, effects, and management of ROS within plant cells under stress In addition, the role played by advancement in modern techniques such as molecular priming, systems biology, phenomics, and crop modeling in preventing oxidative stress, as well as diverting ROS into signaling pathways has been canvassed

Abiotic Stress and Reactive Oxygen Species: Generation, Signaling, and Defense Mechanisms

The stationary life of plants has led to the evolution of a complex gridded antioxidant defence system constituting numerous enzymatic components, playing a crucial role in overcoming various stress conditions. Mainly, these plant enzymes are superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferases (GST), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), which work as part of the antioxidant defence system. These enzymes together form a complex set of mechanisms to minimise, buffer, and scavenge the reactive oxygen species (ROS) efficiently. The present review is aimed at articulating the current understanding of each of these enzymatic components, with special attention on the role of each enzyme in response to the various environmental, especially abiotic stresses, their molecular characterisation, and reaction mechanisms. The role of the enzymatic defence system for plant health and development, their significance, and cross-talk mechanisms are discussed in detail. Additionally, the application of antioxidant enzymes in developing stress-tolerant transgenic plants are also discussed.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/10/4/267/pdf

Recent Developments in Enzymatic Antioxidant Defence Mechanism in Plants with Special Reference to Abiotic Stress

Abiotic stresses have a detrimental impact on plant growth and productivity and are a major threat to sustainable crop production in rapidly changing environments. Proline, an important amino acid, plays an important role in maintaining the metabolism and growth of plants under abiotic stress conditions. Many insights indicate a positive relationship between proline accumulation and tolerance of plants to various abiotic stresses. Because of its metal chelator properties, it acts as a molecular chaperone, an antioxidative defence molecule that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as having signalling behaviour to activate specific gene functions that are crucial for plant recovery from stresses. It also acts as an osmoprotectant, a potential source to acquire nitrogen as well as carbon, and plays a significant role in the flowering and development of plants. Overproduction of proline in plant cells contributes to maintaining cellular homeostasis, water uptake, osmotic adjustment and redox balance to restore the cell structures and mitigate oxidative damage. Many reports reveal that transgenic plants, particularly those overexpressing genes tailored for proline accumulation, exhibit better adaptation to abiotic stresses. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive update on proline biosynthesis and accumulation in plants and its putative regulatory roles in mediating plant defence against abiotic stresses. Additionally, the current and future directions in research concerning manipulation of proline to induce gene functions that appear promising in genetics and genomics approaches to improve plant adaptive responses under changing climate conditions are also highlighted.

Proline, a multifaceted signalling molecule in plant responses to abiotic stress: understanding the physiological mechanisms

Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal (HM) that harms plant growth and productivity. Phytohormones, such as jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), and osmoprotectants, such as proline (Pro), play an important role in the physiological and biochemical processes of plants. We investigated the effect of exogenous applications of JA, SA, Pro, and their combination on Pb-stress tolerance in maize as well as their effect on physiological, biochemical, and yield traits. Pb exposure severely affected maize plants, reducing growth, yield, photosynthetic pigments, and mineral (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) nutrients, as well as enhancing electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, osmolytes, and non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants. The application of JA, SA, Pro, and their combination enhanced plant growth and induced pigment biosynthesis, and decreased EL, MDA accumulation, and Pb concentration. All treatments enhanced Pro and total soluble sugar production, glutathione activity, ascorbic acid, phenol, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and mineral nutrients. JA, SA, and Pro application improved physiological processes directly or indirectly, thereby enhancing the ability of maize plants to overcome oxidative damage caused by Pb toxicity. The combination of JA, SA, and Pro was the most efficient treatment for maize plant growth and development, eliminating the negative consequences of Pb stress.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/5/699/pdf

Minimizing Adverse Effects of Pb on Maize Plants by Combined Treatment with Jasmonic, Salicylic Acids and Proline

Abstract This study was designed to test the ability of some plant growth-promoting bacteria to adverse the effects of salinity on soybean growth. The effect of Bacillus MAP3 and Enterobacter Delta PSK, along with Bradyrhizobium japonicum was studied on soybean at two levels of NaCl salinization (50 and 100 mM). The physical growth parameters of bacterized soybean (21 days old), particularly plants co-inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum + Enterobacter Delta PSK, were significantly enhanced compared to control plants. The shoot length, leaf area, root length, and chlorophyll a content increased by 49.58%, 78.58%, 20.19%, and 57.35%, respectively, indicating the promoting activity of this bacterial combination. After 19 days following the onset of salinity stress, the retarded growth parameters in controls improved significantly due to bacterial treatments, especially by Bradyrhizobium japonicum + Enterobacter DeltaPSK, which increased the values of all growth parameters significantly regardless of the salinity level. Additionally, electrolyte leakage, the amounts of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide decreased considerably due to this combined bacterial treatment . Overall, the combination treatment of Enterobacter Delta PSK and the original symbiont B. japonicum enhanced soybean growth under salt stress, indicating the ability of Enterobacter Delta PSK to mitigate osmotic stress. The effect of this strain on soybean yield should be further evaluated to pave the way for its use as a biofertilizer along with B. japonicum, especially under salt stress. 

/pdf/growth-and-metabolic-response-of-glycine-max-to-the-plant-1owxo57r.pdf

Growth and Metabolic Response of Glycine max to the Plant Growth-Promoting Enterobacter Delta PSK and Bradyrhizobium japonicum Under Salinity Stress

Soil fertility is soil’s inherent ability to provide adequate amounts of the essential plant nutrients and adequate proportions for plant growth. There is an enormous possibility of improving soil fertility through microorganisms, as microorganisms have regulators and catalysts that help in the recycling of nutrient in the soil and convert it into accessible inorganic forms increasing the fertility of the soil and improving soil health and function which decrease input costs for agriculture and grow crop profitability. Certain gatherings of soil organisms build the measure of supplements in the soil, for example, nitrogen-fixing microorganisms that convert nitrogen gas present in the air into solvent nitrogenous mixes and help plant its development and advancement and mycorrhizal parasites increment the accessibility of mineral supplements like phosphorus to plants. Such sort of soil advantageous organisms colonize the plant roots, improve the ripeness distinction of the soil, and eventually help in plant development and advancement and are named as biofertilizers which are constantly increasing high consideration regarding their utilization as productive microbial inoculants in the field of horticulture. Another gathering of soil microorganism that has been known to create mixes including nutrients and plant development hormones that help in keeping up plant wellbeing and advancing yield efficiency is called phytostimulators. The plants and microorganisms rely upon soil for their nourishment prompting a change in soil attributes through organic litter deposition and different metabolic processes. Phosphorus (P) is a fundamental supplement in plant advancement and development, and its inadequacy is one of the main considerations restricting harvest yields around the world. Although soils, for the most part, have a lot of all-out P, just a little proportion is promptly accessible for take-up of plants since 75–90% of included P is accelerated by metal–cation (calcium, iron, and aluminum) edifices and rapidly gets fixed in soils. Hence, ranchers have included a lot of these synthetic composts to the developed land to accomplish the ideal outcome consistently. Low-use proficiency of the P composts and their ceaseless long-time use have prompted natural contamination. The utilization of synthetic P composts can’t be excluded as of now without strongly lessening food creation. Regardless, it is understood that the compound use of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) and substance P excrements can lessen the negative impacts of maltreatment of these manures and improve phosphorus use efficiency in a capable and normally sensible manner.

Role of Microorganisms in Managing Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition in Sustainable Agriculture

The most widely used drugs for prophylaxis and treatment of CMV infections are chemical drugs. Unfortunately, these drugs have dose-limiting renal and bone marrow toxicities. Also, the long-term therapy with these drugs, necessary for management of infection, has been associated with the development of clinically resistant strains of the virus. Therefore, antiviral agents would need to develop for the treatment and suppression of CMV disease. Natural products of plant origin are proving to be a valuable source for anti-viral agents. So, the aim of the current study was to in vitro evaluation of Allium sativum and Nigella sativa methanolic extracts as anti-CMV agents. Murine Embryonic Fibroblasts (MEFs) were infected with CMV and propagative, plaque assay of CMV titer was 9.5x106 (PFU/ml) at four days post infection. Two methanolic plants extracts showed anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) activity against CMV tissue culture which determined by cytopathic effects whereby, the number of staining survival cells were increased with the treatment by A. sativum or N. sativa methanolic extracts. While a mixture of both extracts showed a synergistic effect in controlling the virus greater than each extract in a solo state.

Safe and Efficacious Anti-Cytomegalovirus Agents with Therapeutic Activity i n vitro

/pdf/clinical-consequences-for-individuals-treated-with-2dm83907.pdf

Clinical Consequences for Individuals Treated with Tocilizumab for Serious COVID-19 Infection

Heavy metal such as arsenite (AsIII) is a threat worldwide. Thus, to mitigate AsIII toxicity on plants, we investigated the interactive effect of olive solid waste (OSW) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on wheat plants under AsIII stress. To this end, wheat seeds were grown in soils treated with OSW (4% w/w), AMF-inoculation, and/or AsIII treated soil (100 mg/kg soil). AMF colonization is reduced by AsIII but to a lesser extent under AsIII + OSW. AMF and OSW interactive effects also improved soil fertility and increased wheat plants’ growth, particularly under AsIII stress. The interactions between OSW and AMF treatments reduced AsIII-induced H2O2 accumulation. Less H2O2 production consequently reduced AsIII-related oxidative damages i.e., lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) (58%), compared to As stress. This can be explained by the increase in wheat’s antioxidant defense system. OSW and AMF increased total antioxidant content, phenol, flavonoids, and α-tocopherol by approximately 34%, 63%, 118%, 232%, and 93%, respectively, compared to As stress. The combined effect also significantly induced anthocyanins accumulation. The combination of OSW+AMF improved antioxidants enzymes activity, where superoxide dismutase (SOD, catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were increased by 98%, 121%, 105%, 129%, and 110.29%, respectively, compared to AsIII stress. This can be explained by induced anthocyanin percussors phenylalanine, cinamic acid and naringenin, and biosynthesic enzymes (phenylalanine aminolayse (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS)). Overall, this study suggested the effectiveness of OSW and AMF as a promising approach to mitigate AsIII toxicity on wheat growth, physiology, and biochemistry.

/pdf/interactive-effect-of-arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi-amf-and-2lw9zneh.pdf

Mahmoud R. Sofy

Papers

Growth and Metabolic Response of Glycine max to the Plant Growth-Promoting Enterobacter Delta PSK and Bradyrhizobium japonicum Under Salinity Stress

Role of Microorganisms in Managing Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition in Sustainable Agriculture

Safe and Efficacious Anti-Cytomegalovirus Agents with Therapeutic Activity i n vitro

Clinical Consequences for Individuals Treated with Tocilizumab for Serious COVID-19 Infection

Interactive Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Olive Solid Waste on Wheat under Arsenite Toxicity