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Methods of Numerical Integration

A practical introduction to signal processing in scientific measurement, for scientists, engineers, researchers, instructors, and students working in academia, industry, environmental, medical, engineering, earth science, space, military, financial, and agriculture. Includes such topics as smoothing, differentiation, peak detection, integration and peak area measurements, harmonic analysis, convolution and deconvolution, Fourier filtering, least-squares curve fitting, multi-component spectroscopy, nonlinear iterative least-squares peak fitting. Provides many demonstrations and real data examples, plus download links to many free Matlab/Octave scripts and functions plus spreadsheet templates which has been widely used and have been cited in over 160 published papers, theses, and patents. Includes an appendix containing case studies, examples, and simulations, plus an alphabetical index.

A Pragmatic Introduction to Signal Processing: with applications in scientific measurement

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5176125/5177635/05177990.pdf

Amplifying Devices and Low-Pass Amplifier Design

This paper presents an analysis of magnetic field homogeneity of square and circular Helmholtz coils pairs The analysis is based on the Bio-Savart law for which it performs a Taylor series approximation for the magnetic field at a point on the axis of symmetry, finding an approximate expression of the homogeneity with respect to the parameter radius / length Finally, a computational model is performed in COMSOL and comparing the magnetic field distribution for both geometries

Study and Analysis of Magnetic Field Homogeneity of Square and Circular Helmholtz Coil Pairs: A Taylor Series Approximation

Electromagnetic interferences are potentially very complex signals formed by the superposition of transient (broadband) and continuous wave (narrowband) components with significant randomness in both amplitude and phase. Decomposing the electromagnetic interference measured in the time domain into a set of intrinsic mode functions is useful to gain insights of the process that generates the interference. Evaluating the intrinsic mode functions contributes to improving the measurement capabilities of the time-domain electromagnetic emissions measurement systems based on the general-purpose oscilloscopes. In this paper, a combination of techniques that includes empirical mode decomposition and transient mode decomposition is used to separate the main components of complex electromagnetic disturbances. This approach requires no prior information on the spectral content of the measured EMI and it does not perform a domain transformation. Examples of electromagnetic interference decomposition verify the effectiveness and the accuracy of the proposed approach. Finally, a discussion on the advantages, practical applications, limitations, and drawbacks of the described techniques is addressed.

/pdf/decomposition-of-electromagnetic-interferences-in-the-time-4wyesu07d3.pdf

Decomposition of Electromagnetic Interferences in the Time-Domain

This article is intended to provide a set of recommended practices for improving of the Time-Domain EMI measurement systems by means of digital signal processing. We have focused on two major aspects: the optimal configuration settings of the direct measurement equipment and the deployment of algorithms to process the measurement result. In that sense, we believe that general purpose time-domain instruments, as oscilloscopes, can be successfully used as an alternative hardware to measure EMI, since they provide accurate and reliable results, surpassing the conventional frequency-domain approach when transient disturbances are present.

Improving time-domain EMI measurements through digital signal processing

The rigorous uncertainty estimation in Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) testing is a complex task that has been addressed through a simplified approach that typically assumes that all the contributions are uncorrelated and symmetric, and combine them in
a linear or linearized model using the error propagation law. These assumptions may affect the reliability of test results, and therefore, it is advisable to use alternative methods, such as Monte Carlo Method (MCM), for the calculation and validation of measurement uncertainty. This paper presents the results of the estimation of uncertainty for some of the most common EMC tests, such as: the measurement of radiated and conducted emissions according to CISPR 22 and radiated (IEC 61000-4-3) and conducted (IEC 1000-4-6) immunity, using both the conventional techniques of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and the Monte Carlo Method. The results show no significant differences between the uncertainty estimated using the aforementioned methods, and it was observed that the GUM uncertainty framework slightly overestimates the overall uncertainty for the cases evaluated here. Although the
GUM Uncertainty Framework proves to be adequate for the particular EMC tests that were considered, generally the Monte Carlo Method has features that avoid the assumptions and the limitations of the GUM Uncertainty Framework.

/pdf/comparison-of-the-gum-and-monte-carlo-methods-for-the-329a2k6h12.pdf

Comparison of the GUM and Monte Carlo Methods for the uncertainty estimation in electromagnetic compatibility testing

A common source of noise for digital communication systems is the radiated transient interference. As an example, it has been reported that the degradation is produced to the Global System for Mobile (GSM)-Railway signaling system when the impulsive noise is generated by sparks caused by the discontinuity between the catenary and the pantograph. Concerning the measurement and evaluation procedures defined in the electromagnetic compatibility standards, they are not suitable for these types of transient disturbances. Therefore, new techniques must be developed to determine, with a high confidence level, the degradation that impulsive noise will produce in communication systems. In this paper, novel time-domain measurement procedures are carried out to acquire transient interferences generated by sparks properly. Moreover, two different evaluation methodologies, employing base-band simulation and amplitude probability distribution detector, are used to analyze the impact of the disturbance applied into a GSM system interference scenario. Finally, the results obtained with the developed methodologies are successfully compared with a reference measure where the GSM downlink channel quality is monitored by a mobile station test unit.

/pdf/measurement-and-evaluation-techniques-to-estimate-the-2oupk9mals.pdf

Measurement and Evaluation Techniques to Estimate the Degradation Produced by the Radiated Transients Interference to the GSM System

This paper proposes a simple semi-analytical method for designing coil-systems for homogeneous magnetostatic fleld generation. The homogeneity of the magnetic fleld and the average magnitude of the magnetic ∞ux density inside of the volume of interest are the objective functions chosen for the selection of the coil-system geometry (size and location), number of coils and the number of turns of each winding. The spatial distribution of the magnetostatic fleld is estimated superposing the magnetic induction numerically computed from the analytical expression of the magnetic fleld generated by each coil, obtained using the Biot-Savart's law and the current fllament method. The homogeneous magnetic fleld is synthesized using an iterative algorithm based on TABU search with geometric constraints, which varies the design parameters of the windings to meet the requirements. The number of turns of each coil and gauge of wire used for the windings is adjusted automatically in order to achieve the target average magnitude of the magnetic induction under the constraints imposed by power consumption. This method was used to design a coil arrangement that can generate up to 10mT within a volume 0:5m£0:5m£1m with 99% of spatial homogeneity, with square loops of length less than or equal to 1.5m, and with a power dissipated by Joule efiect less than or equal to 1W per coil. The synthesized magnetic fleld distribution was validated using Finite Element Method simulation, showing a good correspondence between the objective values and the simulated flelds. This method is an alternative to design magnetic fleld exposure systems over large volumes such as those used in bioelectromagnetics applications.

/pdf/a-semi-analytical-method-for-the-design-of-coil-systems-for-3jkehduhvl.pdf

Marco A. Azpurua

Papers

Decomposition of Electromagnetic Interferences in the Time-Domain

Improving time-domain EMI measurements through digital signal processing

Comparison of the GUM and Monte Carlo Methods for the uncertainty estimation in electromagnetic compatibility testing

Measurement and Evaluation Techniques to Estimate the Degradation Produced by the Radiated Transients Interference to the GSM System

A Semi-Analytical Method for the Design of Coil-Systems for Homogeneous Magnetostatic Field Generation