Reactive species in advanced oxidation processes: Formation, identification and reaction mechanism

http://pure.tudelft.nl/ws/files/11926671/1_s2.0_S0378775316308631_main.pdf

A review of fuel cell systems for maritime applications

A review of wet air oxidation and Thermal Hydrolysis technologies in sludge treatment.

The ever increasing industrial production of commodity and specialty chemicals inexorably depletes the finite primary fossil resources available on Earth. The forecast of population growth over the next 3 decades is a very strong incentive for the identification of alternative primary resources other than petro-based ones. In contrast with fossil resources, renewable biomass is a virtually inexhaustible reservoir of chemical building blocks. Shifting the current industrial paradigm from almost exclusively petro-based resources to alternative bio-based raw materials requires more than vibrant political messages; it requires a profound revision of the concepts and technologies on which industrial chemical processes rely. Only a small fraction of molecules extracted from biomass bears significant chemical and commercial potentials to be considered as ubiquitous chemical platforms upon which a new, bio-based industry can thrive. Owing to its inherent assets in terms of unique process experience, scalability, and reduced environmental footprint, flow chemistry arguably has a major role to play in this context. This review covers a selection of C2 to C6 bio-based chemical platforms with existing commercial markets including polyols (ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, glycerol, 1,4-butanediol, xylitol, and sorbitol), furanoids (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) and carboxylic acids (lactic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, itaconic acid, and levulinic acid). The aim of this review is to illustrate the various aspects of upgrading bio-based platform molecules toward commodity or specialty chemicals using new process concepts that fall under the umbrella of continuous flow technology and that could change the future perspectives of biorefineries.

Continuous Flow Upgrading of Selected C2-C6 Platform Chemicals Derived from Biomass.

Catalytic conversion of cellulose to ethylene glycol (EG) or 1,2-propylene glycol (1,2-PG) represents an attractive approach in the valorization of biomass, due to the high atom economy of the reaction process and large market demand of the diol products. The one-pot catalytic conversion of cellulose is a complex reaction network, comprising hydrolysis, retro-aldol condensation, hydrogenation, isomerization, dehydrogenation, thermal side reactions, etc. In addition to EG and 1,2-PG, a variety of byproducts such as sorbitol, mannitol, erythritol, 1,2-butanediol, and glycerol may be coproduced. The key point for obtaining high selectivity for EG or 1,2-PG lies in effective control of the major reaction steps in the reaction network proceeding at matching rates. In this Perspective, we depict the general reaction route for glycol production from cellulose and summarize the active elements for the retro-aldol condensation reaction, which is the determinant step for the formation of C2 and C3 intermediates. In...

Selectivity Control for Cellulose to Diols: Dancing on Eggs

Analysis of different exhaust gas recirculation architectures for passenger car Diesel engines

Computational analysis of internal and external EGR strategies combined with Miller cycle concept for a two stage turbocharged medium speed marine Diesel engine

Performances of soluble metallic salts in the catalytic wet air oxidation of sewage sludge

This paper reviews some catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) investigations of industrial wastewaters over platinum and ruthenium catalysts supported on TiO2 and ZrO2 formulated to be active and resistant to leaching, with particular focus on the stability of the catalyst. Catalyst recycling experiments were performed in batch reactors and long‐term stability tests were conducted in trickle‐bed reactors. The catalyst did not leach upon treatment of Kraft bleaching plant and olive oil mill effluents, and could be either recycled or used for long periods of time in continuous reactors. Conversely, these catalysts were rapidly leached when used to treat effluents from the production of polymeric membranes containing N,N‐dimethylformamide. The intermediate formation of amines, such as dimethylamine and methylamine with a high complexing capacity for the metal, was shown to be responsible for the metal leaching. These heterogeneous catalysts also deactivated upon CWAO of sewage sludges due to the adsorption of t...

Supported noble metal catalysts in the catalytic wet air oxidation of industrial wastewaters and sewage sludges.

Exploring the reaction conditions for Ru/C catalyzed selective hydrogenolysis of xylitol alkaline aqueous solutions to glycols in a trickle-bed reactor

Marco Bernardi

Papers

Analysis of different exhaust gas recirculation architectures for passenger car Diesel engines

Computational analysis of internal and external EGR strategies combined with Miller cycle concept for a two stage turbocharged medium speed marine Diesel engine

Performances of soluble metallic salts in the catalytic wet air oxidation of sewage sludge

Supported noble metal catalysts in the catalytic wet air oxidation of industrial wastewaters and sewage sludges.

Exploring the reaction conditions for Ru/C catalyzed selective hydrogenolysis of xylitol alkaline aqueous solutions to glycols in a trickle-bed reactor