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Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar Signal Processing Algorithms

Ieee transactions on antennas and propagation

Although the beginning of research on automotive radar sensors goes back to the 1960s, automotive radar has remained one of the main drivers of innovation in millimeter wave technology over the past two decades. Today, millions of sensors are produced each year, which was made possible by inexpensive and mature millimeter wave technology. The technology maturity, in turn, enables research to be carried out on systems that are considerably more complex and powerful than was possible just a few years ago. The focus of research has thus shifted from purely hardware-oriented and device-level topics to sophisticated millimeter wave systems and RF signal processing topics. This opens up new research topics such as digital modulation schemes, radar networks, radar imaging, and machine learning. In this review paper, we sketch the path from the very beginning through the state of the art with sophisticated multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna arrays and mature assembly and interconnect concepts to today's key research topics of automotive radar.

/pdf/automotive-radar-from-first-efforts-to-future-systems-1j5chu67jf.pdf

Automotive Radar — From First Efforts to Future Systems

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Advanced Digital Signal Processing And Noise Reduction

Automotive radar is the most promising and fastest-growing civilian application of radar technology. Vehicular radars provide the key enabling technology for the autonomous driving revolution that will have a dramatic impact on everyone's day-to-day lives. They play a central role in the autonomous sensing suit because of the significant progress in the radio-frequency (RF) CMOS technology that enables high-level radaron-chip integration and thus reduces the automotive radar cost to the level of consumer mass production. However, this would not be sufficient without high spatial resolution performance, which can be obtained by multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) and cognitive approaches at a lower cost.

The Rise of Radar for Autonomous Vehicles: Signal processing solutions and future research directions

Wave attenuation through rain with different rainfall rates at millimeter wave ( $f = 77$ GHz) and low-terahertz (Low-THz) ( $f = 300$ GHz) frequencies is studied in this article. Rain has pronounced impacts on electromagnetic wave propagation and one of the well-known effects is attenuation of the transmitted wave. Attenuation at both frequencies and hydrometeor properties [rainfall rate and drop size distribution (DSD)] are measured simultaneously. The measured DSD is fit with gamma and Weibull distributions and is also compared to the frequently used distribution Marshall and Palmer (MP) model; Weibull is shown to be a better fit to the measured DSDs. Theoretical prediction of attenuation as a function of rainfall rate (up to about 20 mm/h) is determined using Mie scattering theory, and the fit gamma and Weibull, and MP distribution models; as well as using the International Telecommunications Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) recommendation. The calculations are evaluated by comparing them to the experiment. The measured results at 77 GHz best agree with the ITU-R recommendation whereas at 300 GHz, the calculation based on Mie scattering and the Weibull distribution exhibits the best fit to the measured data. The measured data that exceed the theoretical prediction are analyzed and interpreted based on their corresponding observed drop size properties, for the first time.

Rain Attenuation at Millimeter Wave and Low-THz Frequencies

In this letter, we report initial experimental results which provide the foundation for low-terahertz (low-THz) radar imagery for outdoor unstructured scenarios as expected in automotive sensing. The requirements and specifications for a low-THz single imaging radar sensor are briefly outlined. The imaging capabilities of frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar operating at 150 GHz are discussed. A comparison of experimental images of on-road and off- road scenarios made by a 150-GHz FMCW radar and a reference 30-GHz stepped-frequency radar is implemented, and their performance is analyzed.

Experimental Low-Terahertz Radar Image Analysis for Automotive Terrain Sensing

In this study, the forward scatter Doppler phase signature formation is analysed to show the rationale for the forward scatter radar in the true sense of the meaning, where a target actually crosses the baseline; so the advantage of the main shadow lobe is taken and, therefore a forward scatter effect occurs to enhance signal to clutter ratio. The modelling approach suggested is based on the consideration of the Doppler phase signature as a result of superposition of the direct path signal and the shadow radiation signal. It is shown that the target signature may be represented as a Doppler signature of a point-like target specified by its trajectory and speed, which is modulated according to forward scatter cross-section of an actual extended target specified by its silhouette at each moment of motion. The proposed model may be recommended to provide matched filtering in coherent processing. Finally, the approach is verified experimentally using calibrated targets with conductive and absorbing coating in the controlled environment and maritime targets in the real sea conditions.

/pdf/phenomenology-of-doppler-forward-scatter-radar-for-surface-4hyooq6ctj.pdf

Phenomenology of Doppler forward scatter radar for surface targets observation

A novel dielectric lens antenna with a broadband integrated waveguide-based feed and an optimized tapered extension is presented for low terahertz frequencies. The antenna consists of an extended hemispherical lens fed by a standard WR-3 rectangular waveguide fitted directly at the bottom of the lens. The antenna has been designed for high-resolution imaging radar systems requiring very wide bandwidth performance and highly directive beams. A novel matching technique based on an air pocket etched off the lens dielectric is employed to obtain broadband antenna operation covering the entire dominant-mode bandwidth of the waveguide. In addition, a new taper shaped lens extension is proposed for the first time and optimized to achieve improved sidelobe level and gain performance. The antenna is compatible with newly developed waveguide-based automotive radar and communications systems. The operating 3 dB gain bandwidth is 30% (230–310 GHz) achieving a maximum of 30 dB measured gain. The measured S 11 is well below –14 dB across the WR-3 band.

/pdf/low-thz-dielectric-lens-antenna-with-integrated-waveguide-31q6s770fj.pdf

Low-THz Dielectric Lens Antenna With Integrated Waveguide Feed

In this paper, we propose a forward scanning synthetic aperture radar methodology for a forward-looking automotive (low-terahertz) radar, which combines scene scanning with synthetic aperture processing, resulting in enhanced angular resolution and improved imaging. We propose two algorithms, first, a modified back-projection (BP) algorithm and, second, a compressed sensing-based BP algorithm. We suggest techniques to reduce computational complexity of the proposed algorithms. Results of simulation and real-data experiments corroborate the validity of our proposed methodology and algorithms.

/pdf/imaging-for-a-forward-scanning-automotive-synthetic-aperture-42i3vezydx.pdf

Marina Gashinova

Papers

Rain Attenuation at Millimeter Wave and Low-THz Frequencies

Experimental Low-Terahertz Radar Image Analysis for Automotive Terrain Sensing

Phenomenology of Doppler forward scatter radar for surface targets observation

Low-THz Dielectric Lens Antenna With Integrated Waveguide Feed

Imaging for a Forward Scanning Automotive Synthetic Aperture Radar