There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

ing WS1S Systems to Verify Parameterized Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Kai Baukus, Saddek Bensalem, Yassine Lakhnech and Karsten Stahl FMona: A Tool for Expressing Validation Techniques over Infinite State Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 J.-P. Bodeveix and M. Filali Transitive Closures of Regular Relations for Verifying Infinite-State Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Bengt Jonsson and Marcus Nilsson Diagnostic and Test Generation Using Static Analysis to Improve Automatic Test Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Marius Bozga, Jean-Claude Fernandez and Lucian Ghirvu Efficient Diagnostic Generation for Boolean Equation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Radu Mateescu Efficient Model-Checking Compositional State Space Generation with Partial Order Reductions for Asynchronous Communicating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Jean-Pierre Krimm and Laurent Mounier Checking for CFFD-Preorder with Tester Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Juhana Helovuo and Antti Valmari Fair Bisimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Thomas A. Henzinger and Sriram K. Rajamani Integrating Low Level Symmetries into Reachability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Karsten Schmidt Model-Checking Tools Model Checking Support for the ASM High-Level Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Giuseppe Del Castillo and Kirsten Winter Table of

Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems. Proc. TACAS 2009

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fjors.1996.159.pdf

Modeling and Analysis of Stochastic Systems

This tutorial provides an introduction to probabilistic model checking, a technique for automatically verifying quantitative properties of probabilistic systems. We focus on Markov decision processes (MDPs), which model both stochastic and nondeterministic behaviour. We describe methods to analyse a wide range of their properties, including specifications in the temporal logics PCTL and LTL, probabilistic safety properties and cost- or reward-based measures. We also discuss multi-objective probabilistic model checking, used to analyse trade-offs between several different quantitative properties. Applications of the techniques in this tutorial include performance and dependability analysis of networked systems, communication protocols and randomised distributed algorithms. Since such systems often comprise several components operating in parallel, we also cover techniques for compositional modelling and verification of multi-component probabilistic systems. Finally, we describe three large case studies which illustrate practical applications of the various methods discussed in the tutorial.

/pdf/automated-verification-techniques-for-probabilistic-systems-21hj56l7q5.pdf

Automated Verification Techniques for Probabilistic Systems

Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) has seen many successful applications in various fields such as Electronic Design Automation and Artificial Intelligence. However, in some cases, it may be required/preferable to use variations of the general SAT problem. In this paper, we consider one important variation, the Partial MAX-SAT problem. Unlike SAT, Partial MAX-SAT has certain constraints (clauses) that are marked as relaxable and the rest are hard, i.e. non-relaxable. The objective is to find a variable assignment that satisfies all non-relaxable clauses together with the maximum number of relaxable ones. We have implemented two solvers for the Partial MAX-SAT problem using a contemporary SAT solver, zChaff. The first approach is a novel diagnosis based algorithm; it iteratively analyzes the UNSAT core of the current SAT instance and eliminates the core through a modification of the problem instance by adding relaxation variables. The second approach is encoding based; it constructs an efficient auxiliary counter that constrains the number of relaxed clauses and supports binary search or linear scan for the optimal solution. Both solvers are complete as they guarantee the optimality of the solution. We discuss the relative strengths and thus applicability of the two solvers for different solution scenarios. Further, we show how both techniques benefit from the persistent learning techniques of incremental SAT. Experiments using practical instances of this problem show significant improvements over the best known solvers.

On solving the partial MAX-SAT problem

Two new logics for verification of hyperproperties are proposed. Hyperproperties characterize security policies, such as noninterference, as a property of sets of computation paths. Standard temporal logics such as LTL, CTL, and CTL* can refer only to a single path at a time, hence cannot express many hyperproperties of interest. The logics proposed here, HyperLTL and HyperCTL*, add explicit and simultaneous quantification over multiple paths to LTL and to CTL*. This kind of quantification enables expression of hyperproperties. A model checking algorithm for the proposed logics is given. For a fragment of HyperLTL, a prototype model checker has been implemented.

/pdf/temporal-logics-for-hyperproperties-547esde7l9.pdf

Temporal Logics for Hyperproperties

Hyperproperties, as introduced by Clarkson and Schneider, characterize the correctness of a computer program as a condition on its set of computation paths. Standard temporal logics can only refer to a single path at a time, and therefore cannot express many hyperproperties of interest, including noninterference and other important properties in security and coding theory. In this paper, we investigate an extension of temporal logic with explicit path variables. We show that the quantification over paths naturally subsumes other extensions of temporal logic with operators for information flow and knowledge. The model checking problem for temporal logic with path quantification is decidable. For alternation depth 1, the complexity is PSPACE in the length of the formula and NLOGSPACE in the size of the system, as for linear-time temporal logic.

A Temporal Logic for Hyperproperties

We present an automata-based algorithm for checking finite state systems for hyperproperties specified in HyperLTL and HyperCTL\(^*\) For the alternation-free fragments of HyperLTL and HyperCTL\(^*\) the automaton construction allows us to leverage existing model checking technology Along several case studies, we demonstrate that the approach enables the verification of real hardware designs for properties that could not be checked before We study information flow properties of an I2C bus master, the symmetric access to a shared resource in a mutual exclusion protocol, and the functional correctness of encoders and decoders for error resistant codes
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Algorithms for Model Checking HyperLTL and HyperCTL

We present a new CEGAR-based algorithm for QBF. The algorithm builds on a decomposition of QBFs into a sequence of propositional formulas, which we call the clausal abstraction. Each of the propositional formulas contains the variables of just one quantifier level and additional variables describing the interaction with adjacent quantifier levels. This decomposition leads to a simpler notion of refinement compared to earlier approaches. We also show how to effectively construct Skolem and Herbrand functions from true, respectively false, QBFs; allowing us to certify the solver result. We implemented the algorithm in a solver called CAQE. The experimental evaluation shows that CAQE has competitive performance compared to current QBF solvers and outperforms previous certifying solvers.

/pdf/caqe-a-certifying-qbf-solver-4ohzivb04o.pdf

CAQE: A Certifying QBF Solver

/pdf/holist-an-environment-for-machine-learning-of-higher-order-508zfbdeie.pdf

Markus N. Rabe

Papers

Temporal Logics for Hyperproperties

A Temporal Logic for Hyperproperties

Algorithms for Model Checking HyperLTL and HyperCTL

CAQE: A Certifying QBF Solver

HOList: An Environment for Machine Learning of Higher Order Logic Theorem Proving