Common to liquids, solids and substances in between the former two is that if a stress is applied to them, they will strain. Stress may be visualized by placing a small amount of fluid between two parallel plates. When one plate slides over the other, forces act on the fluid dependent upon the rate of the plate movement. This causes a shear stress on the liquid. Recall laminar flow of fluids through a tubular vessel. Strain is the response to the stress. If solids are elastic, they deform and return to their original shape. Since fluids are not elastic and, hence, viscous, their deformation is irreversible.

Introduction to rheology

Bio-based fertilizers: A practical approach towards circular economy.

From the conventional use of biomass in the form of heating to the modern day use of biomass in the form of electricity generation and biofuel production, biomass has always been part of the evolution of mankind Modern day use of biomass is gradually becoming more complex, and engineering played an important role in defining different directions This review provides an overall view of biomass utilization through thermal treatment including combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification Efficient use of biomass with the desired output and minimizing the drawbacks are the core of the research, and marginal focus is being held on developing new techniques The variety of composition and uptake of different elements throughout the lifespan of biomass produces a mixture of results In general, it can be seen that the optimization was observed either in the form of chemical looping combustion to prevent greenhouse gas emission or in upgrading of bio-oil to produce biofuels The significant factor is the reaction co

A Combined Overview of Combustion, Pyrolysis, and Gasification of Biomass

Biosolids: What are the different types of reuse?

An overview of removing heavy metals from sewage sludge: Achievements and perspectives.

Influence of physical, chemical and dual sewage sludge conditioning methods on the dewatering efficiency

A very good knowledge of material properties is required in the analysis of severe plastic deformation problems in which the classical material processing methods are accelerated by the application of the additional cyclic load. A general fuzzy logic-based approach is proposed for the analysis of experimental and numerical data in this paper. As an application of the fuzzy analysis, the calibration of Chaboche–Lemaitre model hardening parameters of PA6 aluminum is considered here. The experimental data obtained in a symmetrical strain-controlled cyclic tension–compression test were used to estimate the material’s hardening parameters. The numerically generated curves were compared to the experimental ones. For better fitting of numerical and experimental results, the optimization approach using the least-square method was applied. Unfortunately, commonly accepted calibration methods can provide various sets of hardening parameters. In order to choose the most reliable set, the fuzzy analysis was used. Primarily selected values of hardening parameters were assumed to be fuzzy input parameters. The error of the hysteresis loop approximation for each set was used to compute its membership function. The discrete value of this error was obtained in the defuzzification step. The correct selections of hardening parameters were verified in ratcheting and mean stress relaxation tests. The application of the fuzzy analysis has improved the convergence between experimental and numerical stress–strain curves. The fuzzy logic allows analyzing the variation of elastic–plastic material response when some imprecisions or uncertainties of input parameters are taken into consideration.

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Identification of Chaboche–Lemaitre combined isotropic–kinematic hardening model parameters assisted by the fuzzy logic analysis

Due to inappropriate agricultural treatments, soils often turn into wastelands. After years, the return to cultivation is very difficult or even impossible. It is a serious problem for agriculture, also in Poland. In order to improve soil quality and to restore its value in use, different fertilizers are commonly used. As an alternative for artificial fertilizers, sewage sludge and biomass ashes might be applied. High cost of sewage sludge conditioning with the use of polyelectrolytes has resulted in the development of research dedicated to finding new and inexpensive conditioners. The article discusses the possibility of sludge conditioning by means of wood biomass ash. In the paper, the findings of sewage sludge dewatering with the use of wood ash on a laboratory and on a technical scale are presented. The analysis of results has shown that the addition of wood biomass ash improved sludge dewatering by 10–23% in a laboratory scale and by 15–27% on a technical scale. The application of wood ash also reduced the total bacteria number by 83–89% in a laboratory scale and by 40–53% on a technical scale. Additionally, the obtained mixture of sewage sludge and wood biomass ash might be applied in agricultural practices, especially in fertilizing perennial plants plantations. Thanks to that it is possible to obtain inexpensive and valuable natural fertilizer while reducing costs of sludge dewatering.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12649-018-0518-0.pdf

The Use of Wood Biomass Ash in Sewage Sludge Treatment in Terms of Its Agricultural Utilization

Investigation on mechanical and microstructural properties of alkali-activated materials made of wood biomass ash and glass powder

Investigation of filtration properties and microbiological characteristics of sewage sludge after physical conditioning with the use of ground walnut shells

Marta Wójcik

Papers

Influence of physical, chemical and dual sewage sludge conditioning methods on the dewatering efficiency

Identification of Chaboche–Lemaitre combined isotropic–kinematic hardening model parameters assisted by the fuzzy logic analysis

The Use of Wood Biomass Ash in Sewage Sludge Treatment in Terms of Its Agricultural Utilization

Investigation on mechanical and microstructural properties of alkali-activated materials made of wood biomass ash and glass powder

Investigation of filtration properties and microbiological characteristics of sewage sludge after physical conditioning with the use of ground walnut shells