This article builds a theoretical framework to help explain governance patterns in global value chains It draws on three streams of literature ‐ transaction costs economics, production networks, and technological capability and firm-level learning ‐ to identify three variables that play a large role in determining how global value chains are governed and change These are: (1) the complexity of transactions, (2) the ability to codify transactions, and (3) the capabilities in the supply-base The theory generates five types of global value chain governance ‐ hierarchy, captive, relational, modular, and market ‐ which range from high to low levels of explicit coordination and power asymmetry The article highlights the dynamic and overlapping nature of global value chain governance through four brief industry case studies: bicycles, apparel, horticulture and electronics

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The governance of global value chains

The present historical moment may seem a particularly inopportune time to review Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam's latest exploration of civic decline in America. After all, the outpouring of volunteerism, solidarity, patriotism, and self-sacrifice displayed by Americans in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks appears to fly in the face of Putnam's central argument: that \"social capital\" -defined as \"social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them\" (p. 19)'has declined to dangerously low levels in America over the last three decades. However, Putnam is not fazed in the least by the recent effusion of solidarity. Quite the contrary, he sees in it the potential to \"reverse what has been a 30to 40-year steady decline in most measures of connectedness or community.\"' As an example of how the current \"war on terrorism\" could generate a durable civic renewal, Putnam points to the burst in civic practices that occurred during and after World War II, which he says \"permanently marked\" the generation that lived through it and had a \"terrific effect on American public life over the last half-century.\" 3 If Americans can follow this example and channel their current civic

Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community

The Rise of the Creative Class

Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers

This paper sets out to explore contexts for entrepreneurship, illustrating how a contextualized view of entrepreneurship contributes to our understanding of the phenomenon. There is growing recognition in entrepreneurship research that economic behavior can be better understood within its historical, temporal, institutional, spatial, and social contexts, as these contexts provide individuals with opportunities and set boundaries for their actions. Context can be an asset and a liability for the nature and extent of entrepreneurship, but entrepreneurship can also impact contexts. The paper argues that context is important for understanding when, how, and why entrepreneurship happens and who becomes involved. Exploring the multiplicity of contexts and their impact on entrepreneurship, it identifies challenges researchers face in contextualizing entrepreneurship theory and offers possible ways forward.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/j_1540-6520_2010_00427_x_wml.pdf?abstractid=1784106&mirid=2

Contextualizing Entrepreneurship—Conceptual Challenges and Ways Forward:

Wettbewerb der Nationen: Wirtschaftsstandorte und Governance-Strukturen im Zeitaltaer der Globalisierung

Economic Geography. Places, Networks and FlowsAndrew Wood and Susan Roberts

Patterns of crystal organization and calcite twin formation in planktonic, rotaliid, foraminifera shells and spines.

Zetela is a genus of marine gastropods belonging to the family Solariellidae (Vetigastropoda, Trochoidea). The species Zetela alphonsi Vilvens, 2002 was originally described using classical conchological characters from samples obtained from deep water off Chiloe, Chile, but no other features were recorded in the original description. In the present paper, taxonomically relevant characters such as the operculum, radula, and soft part anatomy are illustrated and described for the first time from a specimen of Zetela alphonsi from a new locality, a methane seep area off the coast of central Chile. We find that many features differ substantially from other members of the genus, including several which deviate from characters that are diagnostic for Zetela. Zetela alphonsi also lacks retinal screening pigment, giving the appearance of eyelessness from gross examination. Although pigmentation loss has been reported in other deep sea genera, this feature has not been reported in any other members of Zetela. We reconstructed a tomographic model of the eye and eyestalk, and demonstrate that a vestigial eye is still present but externally invisible due to the loss of pigmentation. Based on these new morphological characters, particularly observations of the radula, we suggest that the current placement of this species in the genus Zetela should be reconsidered.

Anatomy of Zetela alphonsi Vilvens, 2002 casts doubt on its original placement based on conchological characters

We examine stock returns in a cross section of emerging and mature markets (47 countries) between 1980-99. The level of financial development turns out to be an important determinant of the performance of stock returns. In general, a deeper and higher quality banking system decreases the volatility of stock returns. It also contributes to a greater synchronization in the movements of domestic and world returns and the same obtains when the stock market is liquid.

Martin Hess

Papers

Wettbewerb der Nationen: Wirtschaftsstandorte und Governance-Strukturen im Zeitaltaer der Globalisierung

Economic Geography. Places, Networks and FlowsAndrew Wood and Susan Roberts

Patterns of crystal organization and calcite twin formation in planktonic, rotaliid, foraminifera shells and spines.

Anatomy of Zetela alphonsi Vilvens, 2002 casts doubt on its original placement based on conchological characters

Financial Development and Stock Returns: A Cross-Country Analysis