This article builds a theoretical framework to help explain governance patterns in global value chains It draws on three streams of literature ‐ transaction costs economics, production networks, and technological capability and firm-level learning ‐ to identify three variables that play a large role in determining how global value chains are governed and change These are: (1) the complexity of transactions, (2) the ability to codify transactions, and (3) the capabilities in the supply-base The theory generates five types of global value chain governance ‐ hierarchy, captive, relational, modular, and market ‐ which range from high to low levels of explicit coordination and power asymmetry The article highlights the dynamic and overlapping nature of global value chain governance through four brief industry case studies: bicycles, apparel, horticulture and electronics

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The governance of global value chains

The present historical moment may seem a particularly inopportune time to review Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam's latest exploration of civic decline in America. After all, the outpouring of volunteerism, solidarity, patriotism, and self-sacrifice displayed by Americans in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks appears to fly in the face of Putnam's central argument: that \"social capital\" -defined as \"social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them\" (p. 19)'has declined to dangerously low levels in America over the last three decades. However, Putnam is not fazed in the least by the recent effusion of solidarity. Quite the contrary, he sees in it the potential to \"reverse what has been a 30to 40-year steady decline in most measures of connectedness or community.\"' As an example of how the current \"war on terrorism\" could generate a durable civic renewal, Putnam points to the burst in civic practices that occurred during and after World War II, which he says \"permanently marked\" the generation that lived through it and had a \"terrific effect on American public life over the last half-century.\" 3 If Americans can follow this example and channel their current civic

Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community

The Rise of the Creative Class

Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers

This paper sets out to explore contexts for entrepreneurship, illustrating how a contextualized view of entrepreneurship contributes to our understanding of the phenomenon. There is growing recognition in entrepreneurship research that economic behavior can be better understood within its historical, temporal, institutional, spatial, and social contexts, as these contexts provide individuals with opportunities and set boundaries for their actions. Context can be an asset and a liability for the nature and extent of entrepreneurship, but entrepreneurship can also impact contexts. The paper argues that context is important for understanding when, how, and why entrepreneurship happens and who becomes involved. Exploring the multiplicity of contexts and their impact on entrepreneurship, it identifies challenges researchers face in contextualizing entrepreneurship theory and offers possible ways forward.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/j_1540-6520_2010_00427_x_wml.pdf?abstractid=1784106&mirid=2

Contextualizing Entrepreneurship—Conceptual Challenges and Ways Forward:

Abstract New material and new methodologies substantially widen the anatomical knowledge on cocculinid limpets. We first provide 3D-anatomies of Fedikovella caymanensis and Teuthirostria cancellata based on serial sections. Both species differ in several major points (mainly the gill-type and several features of the alimentary tract) from typical cocculinids, accordingly they are classified in a new clade, Teuthirostriidae fam. nov. Specimens studied by McLean and Harasewych (LA County Mus Contrib Sci 453:1–33, 1995) under “ Fedikovella beanii ” probably represent another species new to science. Additional investigations of original (type) section series of Cocculina laevis Thiele, 1904 (type species of Paracocculina Haszprunar, 1987) and of Cocculina radiata Thiele, 1904 (type species of Coccocrater Haszprunar, 1987) imply some nomenclatorial revisions: Cocculina cervae Fleming, 1948 is designated as type species of Pedococculina gen. nov. Anatomical characters confirm the subsequent placement of Cocculina viminensis Rocchini, 1990 into Coccopigya Marshall, 1986, whereas the original generic status of the whale-fall inhabitant Cocculina craigsmithi McLean, 1992 is confirmed despite the unusual habitat. The latter species probably has symbiotic bacteria in the midgut gland; if so this might be due to the environmental and feeding conditions at whale cadavers or hydrothermal vents. Contrary to Lepetelloidea, the Cocculiniformia cannot be included in Vetigastropoda. Recent molecular data support a sistergroup relationship of Cocculiniformia with Neomphalida, and we add the phenotypic perspective on this so-called “Neomphaliones”-hypothesis. In particular, more phylogenomic data are needed to specify the position of Cocculinida among the rhipidoglossate Gastropoda. 

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3D-anatomy and systematics of cocculinid-like limpets (Gastropoda: Cocculiniformia): more data, some corrections, but still an enigma

German-language geography has a long and rich tradition, being credited with the conceptual foundation of human geography and major theoretical contributions in various areas of human geography research. In the wake of World War II, the discipline of geography had to reestablish itself in German-speaking countries, having suffered a loss of influence and international credibility. In recent years, however, German-language research in human geography has regained recognition. Today, it is characterized by a remarkable conceptual plurality and increasing diversity, which is at the heart of many critical debates within the German, Austrian, and Swiss scientific communities. While some commentators argue that this plurality is weakening the discipline in a changing university system and increasingly competitive institutional environment, where resources are fought over by various disciplines, others consider this diversity to be a strength that enables human geography to maintain its role in analyzing complex, real-world issues. Indeed, German-language geography has contributed much to empirical and applied research, both adding to the global knowledge base of human geography and benefiting secondary and higher education, nonacademic users, and policymakers in the German-speaking world.

German-language Geography

Unternehmensnetzwerke und Netzwerktheorie

Participatory mapping and GIS have enjoyed tremendous growth over the past fifteen or so years. This growth has not only been in the amount of attention received by scholars, but also by practitioners. Although Chris Dunn (2007) and Renee Sieber (2006) have provided a comprehensive overview of the whole field, it is worth noting how it has developed within a short time span, from focusing on descriptions of case studies (Harris et al, 1995) to including theoretical discussions (Elwood, 2002). Through the development of participatory GIS it is possible to differentiate between two streams, which in broad terms can be divided into the developing and developed worlds. Harris et al (1995) provide an example for the use of GIS in a development context, whereas Elwood's (2002) work concentrates on a (post)industrialised context. The use of mapping and GIS in the developing world context includes techniques such as participatory rural appraisal and participatory 3D modeling, while the developing world case studies present various examples of Internet-based GIS and the use of GIS by the communities themselves. The developing world context is often rural, while in the developed world it is usually urban. The developed world context is also characterised by more complex legal structures, such as planning control systems and the combination of political, social, and environmental power structures that control and influence life in the West. By contrast, there seems to be more attention paid to the specific social context in case studies from the global South. The different approaches and problems considered by participatory GIS are evident in these two publications. Mapping for Change is the output of a conference on participatory mapping that was held in Nairobi in 2005. This booklet is an excellent collection of papers that fills the gap between academic literature and the needs of practitioners. It includes a set of tried and tested methods that can be deployed in different cases. The booklet also includes a wide array of case studies covering diverse geographical settings, for example, Indonesia, the Fiji Islands, Ghana, Ethiopia, Namibia, Cameroon, Guiana, Nicaragua, Brazil, and Canada among others (the Canadian case focuses on the First Nation experience, and provides an interesting developed world comparison). This collection also covers a range of techniques, from basic mapping to the use of artwork in a participatory project. Of special importance are two papers that discuss the ethical and theoretical aspects of mapping. The focus upon practical ethics for participatory GIS is especially useful. Overall, the strength of the collection is the range of the papers and the way in which theory and practice are merged, with clear reference to the wider literature. The second publication, Visioning and Visualization, deals with participation in planning in the developed worldöand more specifically in urban parts of the USA. Both authors have acted as consultants for many years, and have developed extensive practical experience in participatory visualisation during their careers. For example, the Environmental Simulation Center in New York City, led by Michael Kwartler, is a pioneer in using advanced visualisation in planning as exemplified by the development of the CommunityViz package. In the booklet Kwartler and Gianni Lango review the principles of uses of GIS in participatory planning, and provide a range of case studies that, together with the discussions, provides very good examples of the current state-of-the-art technological approaches to participatory planning. However, the main failure of the booklet is in its lack of context. The literature from which it draws is limited to some key texts, but no reference is made to the bourgeoning participatory GIS literature mentioned above. Even the case studies are too narrow in focus and relate only Reviews Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 2009, volume 36, pages 757 ^ 760

Review: Mapping for Change: Practice, Technologies and Communication, Visioning and Visualization: People, Pixels and Plans, Geography and Genealogy: Locating Personal Pasts, Knowledge-Based Services, Internationalization and Regional Development:

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Martin Hess

Papers

3D-anatomy and systematics of cocculinid-like limpets (Gastropoda: Cocculiniformia): more data, some corrections, but still an enigma

German-language Geography

Unternehmensnetzwerke und Netzwerktheorie

Review: Mapping for Change: Practice, Technologies and Communication, Visioning and Visualization: People, Pixels and Plans, Geography and Genealogy: Locating Personal Pasts, Knowledge-Based Services, Internationalization and Regional Development:

Buchrezension zu: Abenteuer Zellbiologie — Streifzüge durch die Geschichte