3.2. Thienothiophenes 1216 3.2.1. Thieno[3,4-b]thiophene Analogues 1216 3.2.2. Thieno[3,2-b]thiophene Analogues 1217 3.2.3. Thieno[2,3-b]thiophene Analogues 1218 3.3. , ′-Bridged Bithiophenes 1219 3.3.1. Dithienothiophene (DTT) Analogues 1220 3.3.2. Dithieno[3,2-b:2′3′-d]thiophene-4,4-dioxides 1221 3.3.3. Dithienosilole (DTS) Analogues 1221 3.3.4. Cyclopentadithiophene (CPDT) Analogues 1221 3.3.5. Nitrogen and Phosphor Atom Bridged Bithiophenes 1222

Functional oligothiophenes: molecular design for multidimensional nanoarchitectures and their applications.

Artificial Molecular Rotors

F. Vinyl Sulfones and Other Michael Acceptors 4683 G. Azodicarboxamides 4695 IV. Acylating Agents 4695 A. Aza-peptides 4695 B. Carbamates 4699 C. Peptidyl Acyl Hydroxamates 4700 D. â-Lactams and Related Inhibitors 4704 E. Heterocyclic Inhibitors 4714 1. Isocoumarins 4715 2. Benzoxazinones 4722 3. Saccharins 4725 4. Miscellaneous Heterocyclic Inhibitors 4728 V. Phosphonylation Agents 4728 A. Peptide Phosphonates 4728 B. Phosphonyl Fluorides 4734 VI. Sulfonylating Agents 4735 A. Sulfonyl Fluorides 4735 VII. Miscellaneous Inhibitors 4736 VIII. Summary and Perspectives 4737 IX. Acknowledgments 4740 X. Note Added in Proof 4740 XI. References 4740

Irreversible inhibitors of serine, cysteine, and threonine proteases.

New fields of research in chemistry and physics require improved synthetic techniques for colloidal metal particles. This paper reports a generally applicable technique for synthesizing colloidal Au particles of mean diameters between 20 and 100 nm that exhibit improved monodispersity relative to previously published methods. In this approach (called “seeding”) Au3+ is reduced on the surface of preformed 12-nm-diameter Au nanoparticles by introduction of boiling sodium citrate, producing particles highly uniform in size and shape. A similar procedure, utilizing the reductant NH2OH at room temperature, produces two populations of particles; the larger population is even more spherical than citrate-reduced particles of similar size, while the smaller population is very distinctly rod-shaped.

Seeding of Colloidal Au Nanoparticle Solutions. 2. Improved Control of Particle Size and Shape

Photodynamic therapeutics: basic principles and clinical applications.

Synthesis and crystal structure of a novel tripyrrane-containing porphyrinogen-like macrocycle

The synthesis and characterization of a variety of selectively metalated quinone-substituted zinc-containing octaalkyl porphyrin dimers, designed to mimic certain key electronic and structural aspects of the photosynthetic reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas viridis and Rhodobacter sphaeroides, and appropriate control monomers and dimers are described. These new compounds have been characterized by {sup 1}H NMR, {sup 13}C NMR, UV-visible spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and microanalysis. Electrochemical data are also given for representative dimers and monomers and X-ray structural information is provided for a 1,3-phenyl-linked and a 1,4-phenyl-linked functionalized copper-containing dimer and for a quinone-substituted metal-free monomer.

Synthesis and characterization of quinone-substituted octaalkyl porphyrin monomers and dimers

Turcasarin, the Largest Expanded Porphyrin to Date

The invention relates to a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof: Formula (I) wherein: R1 is C1-4alkyl, C1-3fluoroalkyl or -(CH2)2OH; R2 is a hydrogen atom (H), methyl or C1fluoroalkyl; R3a is a hydrogen atom (H) or C1-3alkyl; R3 is optionally substituted branched C3-6alkyl, optionally substituted C3-8cycloalkyl, optionally substituted mono-unsaturated-C5-7cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or an optionally substituted heterocyclic group of sub-formula (aa), or (bb) or (cc) in which n1 and n2 independently are 1 or 2; and Y is O, S, SO2, or NR4; and wherein Het is of sub-formula (i), or (ii), or (iii), or (iv) or (v). The compounds are phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, in particular PDE4 inhibitors. Also provided is the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of an inflammatory and/or allergic disease in a mammal such as a human, for example chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or allergic rhinitis.

Pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine compounds, and their use as phosphodiesterase inhibitors

Time-resolved studies are reported for a series of quinone-substituted porphyrin monomers and monometalated phenyl-linked dimers. Irradiation of the simple porphyrin monomer systems Ph-Zn-Q, Ph-H 2 -Q, and H 2 -Q in toluene at 295 K elicits charge separation to produce the oxidized free-base (H 2 ) or zinc (Zn) porphyrin and the reduced quinone (Q) within the 350-fs excitation flash

Picosecond studies of quinone-substituted monometalated porphyrin dimers: evidence for superexchange-mediated electron transfer in a photosynthetic model system

Martin R. Johnson

Papers

Synthesis and crystal structure of a novel tripyrrane-containing porphyrinogen-like macrocycle

Synthesis and characterization of quinone-substituted octaalkyl porphyrin monomers and dimers

Turcasarin, the Largest Expanded Porphyrin to Date

Pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine compounds, and their use as phosphodiesterase inhibitors

Picosecond studies of quinone-substituted monometalated porphyrin dimers: evidence for superexchange-mediated electron transfer in a photosynthetic model system