Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

การวจยเชงคณภาพ เปนเครองมอสำคญอยางหนงสำหรบทำความเขาใจสงคมและพฤตกรรมมนษย การวจยแบบการสรางทฤษฎจากขอมล กเปนหนงในหลายระเบยบวธการวจยเชงคณภาพทกำลงไดรบความสนใจ และเปนทนยมเพมสงขนเรอยๆ จากนกวชาการ และนกวจยในสาขาสงคมศาสตร และศาสตรอนๆ เชน พฤตกรรมศาสตร สงคมวทยา สาธารณสขศาสตร พยาบาลศาสตร จตวทยาสงคม ศกษาศาสตร รฐศาสตร และสารสนเทศศกษา ดงนน หนงสอเรอง “ConstructingGrounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis” หรอ “การสรางทฤษฎจากขอมล:แนวทางการปฏบตผานการวเคราะหเชงคณภาพ” จะชวยใหผอานมความรความเขาใจถงพฒนาการของปฏบตการวจยแบบสรางทฤษฎจากขอมล ตลอดจนแนวทาง และกระบวนการปฏบตการวจยอยางเปนระบบ จงเปนหนงสอทควรคาแกการอานโดยเฉพาะนกวจยรนใหม เพอเปนแนวทางในการนำความรความเขาใจไประยกตในงานวจยของตน อกทงนกวจยผเชยวชาญสามารถอานเพอขยายมโนทศนดานวจยใหกวางขวางขน

Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis

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Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches

BACKGROUND: Baseline information on human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and type distribution is highly desirable to evaluate the impact of prophylactic HPV vaccines in the near future. METHODS: A meta-analysis was performed of studies published between 1995 and 2009 that used polymerase chain reaction or Hybrid Capture 2 for HPV detection in women with normal cytological findings. RESULTS: The analysis included 194 studies comprising 1016719 women with normal cytological findings. The estimated global HPV prevalence was 11.7% (95% confidence interval 11.6%-11.7%). Sub-Saharan Africa (24.0%) Eastern Europe (21.4%) and Latin America (16.1%) showed the highest prevalences. Age-specific HPV distribution presented with a first peak at younger ages ( /=45 years). Among the women with type-specific HPV data ([Formula: see text]) the 5 most common types worldwide were HPV-16 (3.2%) HPV-18 (1.4%) HPV-52 (0.9%) HPV-31 (0.8%) and HPV-58 (0.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Although the prevalence of HPV in women with normal cytological findings is high and variable across world regions HPV types 16 18 31 52 and 58 are consistently found among the 10 most common types in all of them. These results represent the most comprehensive assessment of HPV burden among women with normal cytological findings in the pre-HPV vaccination era worldwide.

Cervical Human Papillomavirus Prevalence in 5 Continents: Meta-Analysis of 1 Million Women with Normal Cytological Findings

Summary Background Previous systematic reviews have identified a high prevalence of HIV infection in transgender women in the USA and in those who sell sex (compared with both female and male sex workers). However, little is known about the burden of HIV infection in transgender women worldwide. We aimed to better assess the relative HIV burden in all transgender women worldwide. Methods We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that assessed HIV infection burdens in transgender women that were published between Jan 1, 2000, and Nov 30, 2011. Meta-analysis was completed with the Mantel-Haenszel method, and random-effects modelling was used to compare HIV burdens in transgender women with that in adults in the countries for which data were available. Findings Data were only available for countries with male-predominant HIV epidemics, which included the USA, six Asia-Pacific countries, five in Latin America, and three in Europe. The pooled HIV prevalence was 19·1% (95% CI 17·4–20·7) in 11 066 transgender women worldwide. In 7197 transgender women sampled in ten low-income and middle-income countries, HIV prevalence was 17·7% (95% CI 15·6–19·8). In 3869 transgender women sampled in five high-income countries, HIV prevalence was 21·6% (95% CI 18·8–24·3). The odds ratio for being infected with HIV in transgender women compared with all adults of reproductive age across the 15 countries was 48·8 (95% CI 21·2–76·3) and did not differ for those in low-income and middle-income countries compared with those in high-income countries. Interpretation Our findings suggest that transgender women are a very high burden population for HIV and are in urgent need of prevention, treatment, and care services. The meta-analysis showed remarkable consistency and severity of the HIV disease burden among transgender women. Funding Center for AIDS Research at Johns Hopkins and the Center for Public Health and Human Rights at the JHU Bloomberg School of Public Health.

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Worldwide burden of HIV in transgender women: a systematic review and meta-analysis

https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/general/lancet_2.pdf

Sexual behaviour in context: a global perspective.

Following the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, the world has seen a shift in paradigm away from focused family planning programmes towards reproductive and sexual health more generally. This paper considers how the traditional emphasis on women's health and family planning can result in men's sexual health needs being overlooked. A biomedical rationale to target men with health services evolved from the rising interest in control programmes for HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). To plan appropriate health interventions more needs to be known about how men perceive their sexual health. Unique data from Orissa (India) and rural Bangladesh illustrate men's perceptions of their sexual health problems and demonstrate that men are willing to seek care. While public sector programmers and health planners may be focusing their attention on the control of STIs, men in both studies indicated that their major concerns relate more to matters of psychosexual disorders. The fail...

Missing men's messages: Does the reproductive health approach respond to men's sexual health needs?

This chapter estimates the burden of disease attributable to non-use of contraception and use of ineffective methods. The health outcomes include obstetric complications and abortion-related morbidity and mortality associated with unintended pregnancies (unwanted and mistimed). We have presented a model for linking data on contraceptive use and fertility preferences to unwanted births and unsafe abortions as intermediate outcomes, which were then related to the maternal disease burden. The health outcomes considered were the conditions associated with unsafe abortion and unwanted births. The abortion-related conditions are a separate subcategory and the risk of abortion-related consequences is directly proportional to the risk of an unsafe abortion. The obstetric conditions linked to unwanted births are maternal haemorrhage, maternal sepsis, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, obstructed labour and other maternal conditions. The burden of these obstetric complications attributable to non-use of contraception was assumed to be proportional to the percentage of unwanted births among all births. Contraceptive use reduces the risk of unintended conception but does not altogether eliminate it, and failure rates are higher for traditional methods than for modern methods. The categorical variable " contraceptive use " has three levels of exposure: non-use, use of traditional methods and use of modern methods. Non-users experience the highest conception rates. The modern method category was used as the reference category for calculating the relative risk of having an abortion and an unwanted birth. Not all conceptions lead to an avoidable burden, since many pregnancies are desired. We calculated how many unintended pregnancies are expected in one year by first estimating the proportion of women who would become pregnant and combining this with the probability that the

Non-use and use of ineffective methods of contraception

Objectives: The extent and possibilities of spread of the HIV epidemic are not fully understood in Pakistan A survey was conducted among men, women and transgender populations selling sex in Rawalpindi (Punjab) and Abbottabad (North West Frontier Province) in order to inform evidence-based programme planning Methods: A cross-sectional survey was performed with participants recruited through respondent-driven sampling Male and transgender sex workers were analysed in three gender groups; women were analysed as one group Behavioural surveys were conducted and clinical specimens collected Laboratory tests looked for evidence of acute infection (gonorrhoea, Chlamydia, syphilis, Trichomonas) and infection over the lifetime (HIV, herpes simplex virus-2, syphilis) Predictors of infection were explored using univariable and multivariable logistic regression Results: The prevalence of HIV was low in 917 male and transgender sex workers and absent in 533 female sex workers in the study High levels of current sexually transmitted infections were found, predominantly among transgender sex workers Risk behaviours were common and knowledge of HIV was extremely low Multivariable analysis found a large number of factors associated with higher levels of infection, including experience of forced first sex Protection against risk was low, but those sex workers who reported using condoms at last sex had lower rates of infection Conclusions: The HIV epidemic is currently in its early stages among people who sell sex, but there may be potential for a much greater spread given the levels of other sexually transmitted infections found and the concomitant low levels of both protective knowledge and risk-reducing behaviours Action is needed now to avert an epidemic Framing interventions by upholding the recognition and protection of human rights is vital

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HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among men, transgenders and women selling sex in two cities in Pakistan: A cross-sectional prevalence survey

A cross-sectional survey of 2910 rural Indian men aged 18-40 years from five rural districts in five different states revealed that nearly 10% of single and 3% of married men had had unprotected anal sex with a man in the past year. Homosexually active men are not a separate sexual category,and report extensive mixing with female partners. They have more female partners than other men and they practised anal intercourse in 11% of their heterosexual contacts.

Martine Collumbien

Papers

Sexual behaviour in context: a global perspective.

Missing men's messages: Does the reproductive health approach respond to men's sexual health needs?

Non-use and use of ineffective methods of contraception

HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among men, transgenders and women selling sex in two cities in Pakistan: A cross-sectional prevalence survey

Homosexual activity among rural Indian men: implications for HIV interventions.