http://xoomer.virgilio.it/lusebra/NuoviFile/PrevenzioneTVP.pdf

Prevention of venous thromboembolism

VTE, Thrombophilia, Antithrombotic Therapy, and Pregnancy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines

Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin: mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing considerations, monitoring, efficacy, and safety.

Maturation of the hemostatic system during childhood.

https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(08)60132-4/pdf

Venous thromboembolism, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition).

Utilizing an easy and safe procedure for fetal blood sampling in utero we have studied 409 fetuses for prenatal diagnosis of rubella, toxoplasmosis, hemophilia, and hemoglobinopathies. Retrospectively we selected 163 fetuses confirmed as normal at birth and tested between 18 and 30 wk of gestation to establish normal hematological parameters and to follow the evolution of erythropoiesis, differential counts, hemoglobin synthesis, and hemostasis. Total white blood cell and platelet counts did not change during this period. The lymphocytes represented the main population and we observed a decrease of normoblasts during gestation. The results show a progressive increase of red blood cells and hemoglobin. This evolution is demonstrated by the ratio hemoglobin A to acetylated hemoglobin F. No significant modification of hemostasis was observed over a 12-wk intrauterine gestation. These results provide useful reference values for future investigations.

/pdf/hematological-values-of-163-normal-fetuses-between-18-and-30-2n9rcqlw9x.pdf

Hematological Values of 163 Normal Fetuses between 18 and 30 Weeks of Gestation

Low molecular weight heparin (CY 216) does not cross the placenta during the third trimester of pregnancy.

Thirteen biochemical parameters and five enzymatic activities were determined on sera of 63 normal human fetuses sampled by direct puncture under ultrasound guidance, between the 20th and the 26th wk of gestation, and on their mothers. They were referred to us for various prenatal diagnoses but were well and confirmed healthy at birth. Some parameters were found to be very similar in both groups, mainly creatinine, calcium, creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Some values were significantly higher in the fetuses, such as total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, phosphorus, lactic dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities, and alpha-fetoprotein. Urea, uric acid, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, and albumin levels were found to be lower in fetuses. These data indicate a slower metabolism in fetuses compared to their mothers, a lower level of energy requirement, and a relative liver immaturity. These normal values of fetal biochemistry will improve our knowledge of physiology and help to determine the specific values of a test in fetal pathology.

/pdf/blood-chemistry-of-normal-human-fetuses-at-midtrimester-of-4ul4afohfg.pdf

Martine Rainaut

Papers

Hematological Values of 163 Normal Fetuses between 18 and 30 Weeks of Gestation

Low molecular weight heparin (CY 216) does not cross the placenta during the third trimester of pregnancy.

Blood Chemistry of Normal Human Fetuses at Midtrimester of Pregnancy

The assessment of fetal blood samples

Characterization of mononuclear cell subpopulations in normal fetal peripheral blood.