https://www.tcd.ie/Physics/people/Graham.Cross/SF%20Poster%202011/Schuh-ActaMater07-Mechanical%20behaviour%20of%20amorphous%20alloys.pdf

Mechanical behavior of amorphous alloys

Perspectives on Titanium Science and Technology

This article presents an overview of the developments in stainless steels made since the 1990s. Some of the new applications that involve the use of stainless steel are also introduced. A brief introduction to the various classes of stainless steels, their precipitate phases and the status quo of their production around the globe is given first. The advances in a variety of subject areas that have been made recently will then be presented. These recent advances include (1) new findings on the various precipitate phases (the new J phase, new orientation relationships, new phase diagram for the Fe–Cr system, etc.); (2) new suggestions for the prevention/mitigation of the different problems and new methods for their detection/measurement and (3) new techniques for surface/bulk property enhancement (such as laser shot peening, grain boundary engineering and grain refinement). Recent developments in topics like phase prediction, stacking fault energy, superplasticity, metadynamic recrystallisation and the calculation of mechanical properties are introduced, too. In the end of this article, several new applications that involve the use of stainless steels are presented. Some of these are the use of austenitic stainless steels for signature authentication (magnetic recording), the utilisation of the cryogenic magnetic transition of the sigma phase for hot spot detection (the Sigmaplugs), the new Pt-enhanced radiopaque stainless steel (PERSS) coronary stents and stainless steel stents that may be used for magnetic drug targeting. Besides recent developments in conventional stainless steels, those in the high-nitrogen, low-Ni (or Ni-free) varieties are also introduced. These recent developments include new methods for attaining very high nitrogen contents, new guidelines for alloy design, the merits/demerits associated with high nitrogen contents, etc.

Recent developments in stainless steels

The elastic properties, elastic models and elastic perspectives of metallic glasses

This review covers advances in electrochemical and biochemical sensor development and usage during 2010 and 2011 In choosing scholarly articles to contribute to this review, special emphasis was placed on work published in the areas of reference electrodes, potentiometric sensors, voltammetric sensors, amperometric sensors, biosensors, immunosensors, and mass sensors In the past two years there have been a number of important papers, that do not fall into the general subsections contained within the larger sections Such novel advances are very important for the field of electrochemical sensors as they open up new avenues and methods for future research Each section above contains a subsection titled “Other Papers of Interest” that includes such articles and describes their importance to the field in general For example, while most electrochemical techniques for sensing analytes of interest are based on the changes in potential or current, Shan et al1 have developed a completely novel method for performing electrochemical measurements In their work, they report a method for imaging local electrochemical current using the optical signal of the electrode surface generated from a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) The electrochemical current image is based on the fact that the current density can be easily calculated from the local SPR signal The authors demonstrated this concept by imaging traces of TNT on a fingerprint on a gold substrate

Full articles and reviews were primarily amassed by searching the SciFinder Scholar and ISI Web of Knowledge Additional articles were found through alternate databases or by perusing analytical journals for pertinent publications Due to the reference limitation, only publications written in English were considered for inclusion Obviously, there have been more published accounts of groundbreaking work with electrochemical and biochemical sensors than those covered here This review is a small sampling of the available literature and not intended to cover every advance of the past two years The literature chosen focuses on new trends in materials, techniques, and clinically relevant applications of novel sensors To ensure proper coverage of these trends, theoretical publications and applications of previously reported sensor development were excluded

We want to remind our readers that this review is not intended to provide comprehensive coverage of electrochemical sensor development, but rather to provide a glimpse of the available depth of knowledge published in the past two years This review is meant to focus on novel methods and materials, with a particular focus on the increasing use of graphene sheets for sensor material development For readers seeking more information on the general principles behind electrochemical sensors and electrochemical methods, we recommend other sources with a broader scope2, 3 Electrochemical sensor research is continually providing new insights into a variety of fields and providing a breadth of relevant literature that is worthy of inclusion in this review Unfortunately, it is impossible to cover each publication and unintentional oversights are inevitable We sincerely apologize to the authors of electrochemical and biochemical sensor publications that were inadvertently overlooked

Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors

Two types of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs), both for longitudinal wave in steel wire, are developed. In inspection of steel wires throughout a long range, ultrasonic wave will be an effective tool. The EMAT, which consists of a coil surrounding the wire and an electromagnet, enables us to generate and detect the longitudinal wave at an arbitrary position of the wire, and seems to be suitable for this purpose. However, there are two problems to be solved, both can be attributed to the characteristic of the EMAT. First, the magnetostriction of the wire limits the saturation amplitude of the generated wave, though it is required to be high to improve the signal to noise ratio. We develop a multiple EMAT, which effectively amplifies the signal by overlapping the waves excited by some equivalent coils. The other problem is that the EMAT launches the longitudinal wave symmetrically in two directions. To estimate the position of the flaw, the measurement should be done from at least two different locations of the EMAT. We also produce a unidirectional EMAT with two equivalent coils. One of the two directional waves excited by one coil is canceled by antiphase wave from the other coil. Combination of these two techniques is proved to be the solution for the above two intrinsic problems of the EMAT.

Arrayed-Coil EMAT for Longitudinal Wave in Steel Wires.

Extended mean-field method for predicting yield behaviors of porous materials

High-frequency vibrations related with copper nanowires on a silicon substrate are studied using picosecond ultrasound spectroscopy. The reflectivity change in the probe light pulse is monitored after irradiation of the specimen with the ultrafast light pulse, showing high $(\ensuremath{\sim}75\text{ }\text{GHz})$ and low $(l\ensuremath{\sim}15\text{ }\text{GHz})$ frequency vibrations, which are identified to be thickness resonance of nanowires and collective-mode resonances on the substrate, respectively. The nanowires are subjected to the current-loading test to induce electromigration. The thickness resonance frequency significantly decreases as the progress of the electromigration while the other frequencies and the resistance remain nearly unchanged. The micromechanics analysis and the vacancy diffusion theory indicate the growth of thin defects at grain boundaries for softening the nanowires.

/pdf/significant-softening-of-copper-nanowires-during-s7yyn70kum.pdf

Significant softening of copper nanowires during electromigration studied by picosecond ultrasound spectroscopy

Heat conduction possesses (thermal) modes in analogy with acoustics even without oscillation. Here, we establish thermal mode spectroscopy to measure the thermal diffusivity of small specimens. Local heating with a light pulse excites such modes that show antinodes at the heating point, and photothermal detection at another antinode spot allows measuring relaxation behavior of the desired mode selectively: The relaxation time yields thermal diffusivity. The Ritz method is proposed for arbitrary geometry specimens. This method is applicable even to a diamond crystal with $\ensuremath{\sim}1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{mm}$ dimensions.

/pdf/thermal-mode-spectroscopy-for-thermal-diffusivity-of-22oasubaax.pdf

Thermal Mode Spectroscopy for Thermal Diffusivity of Millimeter-Size Solids

In this paper, we describe the fabrication of two-dimensionally dispersed nanoparticles by sputtering and annealing. FePd has been chosen as the target material. As the first step of this process, ultrathin films were sputter-deposited on Si substrates. Subsequently, they were annealed at 450–800°C. As the result, numerous nanoparticles with a diameter of about 5 nm were formed on the substrate surface, when the thickness of the as-deposited film was approximately less than 3 nm.

Masahiko Hirao

Papers

Arrayed-Coil EMAT for Longitudinal Wave in Steel Wires.

Extended mean-field method for predicting yield behaviors of porous materials

Significant softening of copper nanowires during electromigration studied by picosecond ultrasound spectroscopy

Thermal Mode Spectroscopy for Thermal Diffusivity of Millimeter-Size Solids

Fabrication of Isolated FePd Nanoparticles by Sputtering and Heat Treatment