SRIM is a software package concerning the S topping and R ange of I ons in M atter. Since its introduction in 1985, major upgrades are made about every six years. Currently, more than 700 scientific citations are made to SRIM every year. For SRIM-2010 , the following major improvements have been made: (1) About 2800 new experimental stopping powers were added to the database, increasing it to over 28,000 stopping values. (2) Improved corrections were made for the stopping of ions in compounds. (3) New heavy ion stopping calculations have led to significant improvements on SRIM stopping accuracy. (4) A self-contained SRIM module has been included to allow SRIM stopping and range values to be controlled and read by other software applications. (5) Individual interatomic potentials have been included for all ion/atom collisions, and these potentials are now included in the SRIM package. A full catalog of stopping power plots can be downloaded at www.SRIM.org . Over 500 plots show the accuracy of the stopping and ranges produced by SRIM along with 27,000 experimental data points. References to the citations which reported the experimental data are included.

SRIM – The stopping and range of ions in matter (2010)

Ion acceleration driven by superintense laser pulses is attracting an impressive and steadily increasing effort. Motivations can be found in the applicative potential and in the perspective to investigate novel regimes as available laser intensities will be increasing. Experiments have demonstrated, over a wide range of laser and target parameters, the generation of multi-MeV proton and ion beams with unique properties such as ultrashort duration, high brilliance, and low emittance. An overview is given of the state of the art of ion acceleration by laser pulses as well as an outlook on its future development and perspectives. The main features observed in the experiments, the observed scaling with laser and plasma parameters, and the main models used both to interpret experimental data and to suggest new research directions are described.

/pdf/ion-acceleration-by-superintense-laser-plasma-interaction-2jqzeizem7.pdf

Ion acceleration by superintense laser-plasma interaction

The SRIM (formerly TRIM) Monte Carlo simulation code is widely used to compute a number of parameters relevant to ion beam implantation and ion beam processing of materials. It also has the capability to compute a common radiation damage exposure unit known as atomic displacements per atom (dpa). Since dpa is a standard measure of primary radiation damage production, most researchers who employ ion beams as a tool for inducing radiation damage in materials use SRIM to determine the dpa associated with their irradiations. The use of SRIM for this purpose has been evaluated and comparisons have been made with an internationally-recognized standard definition of dpa, as well as more detailed atomistic simulations of atomic displacement cascades. Differences between the standard and SRIM-based dpa are discussed and recommendations for future usage of SRIM in radiation damage studies are made. In particular, it is recommended that when direct comparisons between ion and neutron data are intended, the Kinchin–Pease option of SRIM should be selected.

On the use of SRIM for computing radiation damage exposure

Objective To review and synthesize information concerning the pathogenesis ofage-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods Review of the English-language literature. Results Five concepts relevant to the cell biology of AMD are as follows: (1)AMD involves aging changes plus additional pathological changes (ie, AMD isnot just an aging change); (2) in aging and AMD, oxidative stress causes retinalpigment epithelial (RPE) and, possibly, choriocapillaris injury; (3) in AMD(and perhaps in aging), RPE and, possibly, choriocapillaris injury resultsin a chronic inflammatory response within the Bruch membrane and the choroid;(4) in AMD, RPE and, possibly, choriocapillaris injury and inflammation leadto formation of an abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM), which causes altereddiffusion of nutrients to the retina and RPE, possibly precipitating furtherRPE and retinal damage; and (5) the abnormal ECM results in altered RPE-choriocapillarisbehavior leading ultimately to atrophy of the retina, RPE, and choriocapillarisand/or choroidal new vessel growth. In this sequence of events, both the environmentand multiple genes can alter a patient's susceptibility to AMD. Implicit inthis characterization of AMD pathogenesis is the concept that there is linearprogression from one stage of the disease to the next. This assumption maybe incorrect, and different biochemical pathways leading to geographic atrophyand/or choroidal new vessels may operate simultaneously. Conclusions Better knowledge of AMD cell biology will lead to better treatmentsfor AMD at all stages of the disease. Many unanswered questions regardingAMD pathogenesis remain. Multiple animal models and in vitro models of specificaspects of AMD are needed to make rapid progress in developing effective therapiesfor different stages of the disease.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/articlepdf/416250/EMO20000.pdf

Current Concepts in the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration: etiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies.

Described is a system for system for gait intervention and fall prevention. The system is incorporated into a body suit having a plurality of distributed sensors and a vestibulo- muscular biostim array. The sensors are operable for providing biosensor data to the analytics module, while the veslibuio-muscular biostim array includes a plurality of distributed effectors. The analytics module is connected with the body suit and sensors and is operable for receiving biosensor data and analyzing a particular user's gait and predicting falls. Finally;, a closed-loop biostim control module is included for activating the vestibulo-muscular biostim array to compensate for a risk of a predicted fall.

System and method for assistive gait intervention and fall prevention

The invention describes methods for locating a treatment device disposed within a living body by means of magnetic fields that are produced by Barkhausen jumps, principally from amorphous tag wires with high permeability that exhibit reentrant flux reversal. When wires of this type are attached to concealed treatment devices such as catheters, interrogation or scanning of the tag wire by a low frequency ac magnetic field affords an accurate means for locating the treatment devices using a sensor coil to detect the magnetic field signal from the wire locating tag. The strength of the field detected by the position of a sensor coil with respect to the locator tag is used to determine the location of the tag. A favorable signal to noise detection ration is obtained as the signal emitted by the wire is at a very high frequency compared to that of the frequency of the interrogation field.

System of providing medical treatment

The result of training to improve in a given skill is most often demonstrated by an increase in the relevant performance measures. However, a complementary and at times more informative measure is the mental workload imposed on the performer when doing the task. While a number of varied methods exist for measuring workload, we have chosen to explore physiological and neurological correlates for their low amount of impact and interference on subjects during an experiment. In this study, participants trained on a six-task cognitive battery over four weeks while being simultaneously recorded with remote eye tracking and a host of other neurophysiological instruments. In this preliminary analysis, we found that measures of saccades, fixations, and pupil diameters significantly correlated with task performance over time and at different difficulties, indicating the validity of our task battery as well as the specificity of workload-related eye tracking measures.

Eye Tracking-Based Workload and Performance Assessment for Skill Acquisition

We have created a high-fidelity model of 9 regions of the brain involved in making sense of complex and uncertain situations. Sense making is a proactive form of situation awareness requiring sifting through information of various types to form hypotheses about evolving situations. The MINDS model (Mirroring Intelligence in a Neural Description of Sensemaking) reveals the neural principles and cognitive tradeoffs that explain weaknesses in human reasoning and decision-making.

The neural basis of decision-making during sensemaking: Implications for human-system interaction

Workload assessment models are an important tool to develop an understanding of an individual's limitations. Finding times of excess workload can help prevent an individual from continuing work that may result in human performance issues, such as an increase in errors or reaction time. Currently workload assessments are created on a task by task basis, varying drastically depending on sensors and task goals. Developing independent models for specific tasks is time consuming and not practical when being applied to real-world situations. In this experiment we collected physiological signals including electroencephalogram EEG, Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability HR/HRV and Eye-Tracking. Subjects were asked to perform two independent tasks performed at two distinct levels of difficulty, an easy level and a difficult level. We then developed and compared performance of multiple models using deep and shallow learning techniques to determine the best methods to increase generalization of the models across tasks.

Matthias Ziegler

Papers

System and method for assistive gait intervention and fall prevention

System of providing medical treatment

Eye Tracking-Based Workload and Performance Assessment for Skill Acquisition

The neural basis of decision-making during sensemaking: Implications for human-system interaction

Sensing and Assessing Cognitive Workload Across Multiple Tasks