Machine Learning is the study of methods for programming computers to learn. Computers are applied to a wide range of tasks, and for most of these it is relatively easy for programmers to design and implement the necessary software. However, there are many tasks for which this is difficult or impossible. These can be divided into four general categories. First, there are problems for which there exist no human experts. For example, in modern automated manufacturing facilities, there is a need to predict machine failures before they occur by analyzing sensor readings. Because the machines are new, there are no human experts who can be interviewed by a programmer to provide the knowledge necessary to build a computer system. A machine learning system can study recorded data and subsequent machine failures and learn prediction rules. Second, there are problems where human experts exist, but where they are unable to explain their expertise. This is the case in many perceptual tasks, such as speech recognition, hand-writing recognition, and natural language understanding. Virtually all humans exhibit expert-level abilities on these tasks, but none of them can describe the detailed steps that they follow as they perform them. Fortunately, humans can provide machines with examples of the inputs and correct outputs for these tasks, so machine learning algorithms can learn to map the inputs to the outputs. Third, there are problems where phenomena are changing rapidly. In finance, for example, people would like to predict the future behavior of the stock market, of consumer purchases, or of exchange rates. These behaviors change frequently, so that even if a programmer could construct a good predictive computer program, it would need to be rewritten frequently. A learning program can relieve the programmer of this burden by constantly modifying and tuning a set of learned prediction rules. Fourth, there are applications that need to be customized for each computer user separately. Consider, for example, a program to filter unwanted electronic mail messages. Different users will need different filters. It is unreasonable to expect each user to program his or her own rules, and it is infeasible to provide every user with a software engineer to keep the rules up-to-date. A machine learning system can learn which mail messages the user rejects and maintain the filtering rules automatically. Machine learning addresses many of the same research questions as the fields of statistics, data mining, and psychology, but with differences of emphasis. Statistics focuses on understanding the phenomena that have generated the data, often with the goal of testing different hypotheses about those phenomena. Data mining seeks to find patterns in the data that are understandable by people. Psychological studies of human learning aspire to understand the mechanisms underlying the various learning behaviors exhibited by people (concept learning, skill acquisition, strategy change, etc.).

Machine learning

Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

“Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation using Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks”の学習報告

Preface 1. Decision-Theoretic Foundations 1.1 Game Theory, Rationality, and Intelligence 1.2 Basic Concepts of Decision Theory 1.3 Axioms 1.4 The Expected-Utility Maximization Theorem 1.5 Equivalent Representations 1.6 Bayesian Conditional-Probability Systems 1.7 Limitations of the Bayesian Model 1.8 Domination 1.9 Proofs of the Domination Theorems Exercises 2. Basic Models 2.1 Games in Extensive Form 2.2 Strategic Form and the Normal Representation 2.3 Equivalence of Strategic-Form Games 2.4 Reduced Normal Representations 2.5 Elimination of Dominated Strategies 2.6 Multiagent Representations 2.7 Common Knowledge 2.8 Bayesian Games 2.9 Modeling Games with Incomplete Information Exercises 3. Equilibria of Strategic-Form Games 3.1 Domination and Ratonalizability 3.2 Nash Equilibrium 3.3 Computing Nash Equilibria 3.4 Significance of Nash Equilibria 3.5 The Focal-Point Effect 3.6 The Decision-Analytic Approach to Games 3.7 Evolution. Resistance. and Risk Dominance 3.8 Two-Person Zero-Sum Games 3.9 Bayesian Equilibria 3.10 Purification of Randomized Strategies in Equilibria 3.11 Auctions 3.12 Proof of Existence of Equilibrium 3.13 Infinite Strategy Sets Exercises 4. Sequential Equilibria of Extensive-Form Games 4.1 Mixed Strategies and Behavioral Strategies 4.2 Equilibria in Behavioral Strategies 4.3 Sequential Rationality at Information States with Positive Probability 4.4 Consistent Beliefs and Sequential Rationality at All Information States 4.5 Computing Sequential Equilibria 4.6 Subgame-Perfect Equilibria 4.7 Games with Perfect Information 4.8 Adding Chance Events with Small Probability 4.9 Forward Induction 4.10 Voting and Binary Agendas 4.11 Technical Proofs Exercises 5. Refinements of Equilibrium in Strategic Form 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Perfect Equilibria 5.3 Existence of Perfect and Sequential Equilibria 5.4 Proper Equilibria 5.5 Persistent Equilibria 5.6 Stable Sets 01 Equilibria 5.7 Generic Properties 5.8 Conclusions Exercises 6. Games with Communication 6.1 Contracts and Correlated Strategies 6.2 Correlated Equilibria 6.3 Bayesian Games with Communication 6.4 Bayesian Collective-Choice Problems and Bayesian Bargaining Problems 6.5 Trading Problems with Linear Utility 6.6 General Participation Constraints for Bayesian Games with Contracts 6.7 Sender-Receiver Games 6.8 Acceptable and Predominant Correlated Equilibria 6.9 Communication in Extensive-Form and Multistage Games Exercises Bibliographic Note 7. Repeated Games 7.1 The Repeated Prisoners Dilemma 7.2 A General Model of Repeated Garnet 7.3 Stationary Equilibria of Repeated Games with Complete State Information and Discounting 7.4 Repeated Games with Standard Information: Examples 7.5 General Feasibility Theorems for Standard Repeated Games 7.6 Finitely Repeated Games and the Role of Initial Doubt 7.7 Imperfect Observability of Moves 7.8 Repeated Wines in Large Decentralized Groups 7.9 Repeated Games with Incomplete Information 7.10 Continuous Time 7.11 Evolutionary Simulation of Repeated Games Exercises 8. Bargaining and Cooperation in Two-Person Games 8.1 Noncooperative Foundations of Cooperative Game Theory 8.2 Two-Person Bargaining Problems and the Nash Bargaining Solution 8.3 Interpersonal Comparisons of Weighted Utility 8.4 Transferable Utility 8.5 Rational Threats 8.6 Other Bargaining Solutions 8.7 An Alternating-Offer Bargaining Game 8.8 An Alternating-Offer Game with Incomplete Information 8.9 A Discrete Alternating-Offer Game 8.10 Renegotiation Exercises 9. Coalitions in Cooperative Games 9.1 Introduction to Coalitional Analysis 9.2 Characteristic Functions with Transferable Utility 9.3 The Core 9.4 The Shapkey Value 9.5 Values with Cooperation Structures 9.6 Other Solution Concepts 9.7 Colational Games with Nontransferable Utility 9.8 Cores without Transferable Utility 9.9 Values without Transferable Utility Exercises Bibliographic Note 10. Cooperation under Uncertainty 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Concepts of Efficiency 10.3 An Example 10.4 Ex Post Inefficiency and Subsequent Oilers 10.5 Computing Incentive-Efficient Mechanisms 10.6 Inscrutability and Durability 10.7 Mechanism Selection by an Informed Principal 10.8 Neutral Bargaining Solutions 10.9 Dynamic Matching Processes with Incomplete Information Exercises Bibliography Index

博弈论 : 矛盾冲突分析 = Game theory : analysis of conflict

An overview of the self-organizing map algorithm, on which the papers in this issue are based, is presented in this article.

The Self-Organizing Map

Reusing a previously developed and tested software component is the key to improve the quality and productivity of the software. Searching a software from a software library with an intent to reuse it is similar to searching a book from a library. Locating a book or document in library may not be that difficult as searching a reusable component in a software library. The main challenge in reusing software component lies in the retrieval and selection of the appropriate component that would need no or least adaptation from a software component library. Book can be searched on title, authors or some keywords, but these features are not sufficient for searching the required functionality in a component library. Using formal specifications to represent software components facilitates the determination of reusability of the software component. The functionality of the software, and the welldefined syntax of formal language makes processing amenable to automation. In this paper, a hybrid model based on natural language and formal specifications using K-nn technique has been discussed. Benefits of both formal methods and natural language have been exploited for the retrieval of reusable software components. Existing components have been weighted according to their degree of similarity on the basis of certain attributes to the required component. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/djlit.27.5.137

A Hybrid Technique for Searching a Reusable Component from Software Libraries

The vehicles are significant entities inside a vehicular network, capable of exchanging safety and non-safety messages with the neighbouring vehicles and RSU (road-side unit). The rapidly changing connectivity, error prone wireless channels, and low vehicle density in vehicular networks can make the routing schemes perform less efficiently. It leads to two main issues: to find the best routing strategy, to adapt the routing scheme in challenging settings of vehicular networks. In this paper, we propose a scheme to construct a stable path between source and destination node by using route request and route reply packets to ensure better packet delivery ratio, lower end-to-end delays and reduced message overheads. On the basis of simulation results, we conclude that the distance parameter or the traffic model alone may not be sufficient to derive the stability factor of any link and should be incorporated with the stability factor derived from the propagation model.

Stability Based Routing Scheme for Vehicular Networks

In the information retrieval system, relevance manifestation is pivotal and regularly based on document-term statistics, i.e. term frequency (tf), inverse document frequency (idf), etc. Query term proximity within matched documents is mostly under-explored. In this paper, a novel information retrieval framework is proposed, to promote the documents among all relevant retrieved ones. The relevance estimation is a weighted combination of document statistics and query term statistics, and term-term proximity is a simply aggregates of diverse user preferences aspects in query formation, thus adapted into the framework with conventional relevance measures. Intuitively, QTP is exploited to promote the documents for balanced exploitation-exploration, and eventually navigate a search towards goals. The evaluation asserts the usability of QTP measures to balance several seeking tradeoffs, e.g. relevance, novelty, result diversity (Coverage and Topicality), and overall retrieval. The assessment of user search trails indicates significant growth in a learning outcome.

Improving Result Diversity Using Query Term Proximity in Exploratory Search

Design and development of a routing protocol for mobile ad hoc

Data aggregation is one of the major needs of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) due to the constraints of resources. Data aggregation in VANET can reduce the data redundancy in the process of data gathering and thus conserving the bandwidth. In realistic applications, it is always important to construct an effective route strategy that optimises not only communication cost but also the aggregation cost. Data aggregation at the cluster head by individual vehicle causes flooding of the data, which results in maximum latency and bandwidth consumption. Another approach of data aggregation in VANET is sending local representative data based on spatial correlation of sampled data. In this article, we emphasise on the problem that recent spatial correlation data models of vehicles in VANET are not appropriate for measuring the correlation in a complex and composite environment. Moreover, the data represented by these models is generally inaccurate when compared to the real data. To minimise this problem, we pro...

Mayank Dave

Papers

A Hybrid Technique for Searching a Reusable Component from Software Libraries

Stability Based Routing Scheme for Vehicular Networks

Improving Result Diversity Using Query Term Proximity in Exploratory Search

Design and development of a routing protocol for mobile ad hoc

Data relationship degree–based clustering data aggregation for VANET