1.Introduction to Composite Materials 2. Macrochemical Behavior of a Lamina 3.Micromechanical Behavior of a Lamina 4.Macromechanical Behavior of a Laminate 5.Bending, Buckling, and Vibration of Laminated Plates 6.Other Analysis and Behavior Topics 7.Introduction to Design of Composite Structures Appendix A.Matrices and Tensors Appendix B.Maxima and Minima of Functions of a Single Variable Appendix C.Typical Stress-Strain Curves Appendix D.Governing Equations for Beam Equilibrium and Plate Equilibrium, Buckling, and Vibration Index

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Mechanics of composite materials

INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSITE MATERIALS Chapter Objectives Introduction Classi?cation Recycling Fiber-Reinforced Composites Mechanics Terminology Summary Key Terms Exercise Set References MACROMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF A LAMINA Chapter Objectives Introduction Review of De?nitions Hooke's Law for Different Types of Materials Hooke's Law for a Two-Dimensional Unidirectional Lamina Hooke's Law for a Two-Dimensional Angle Lamina Engineering Constants of an Angle Lamina Invariant Form of Stiffness and Compliance Matrices for an Angle Lamina Strength Failure Theories of an Angle Lamina Hygrothermal Stresses and Strains in a Lamina Summary Key Terms Exercise Set References APPENDIX A: MATRIX ALGEBRA Key Terms APPENDIX B: TRANSFORMATION OF STRESSES AND STRAINS Transformation of Stress Transformation of Strains Key Terms MICROMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF A LAMINA Chapter Objectives Introduction Volume and Mass Fractions, Density, and Void Content Evaluation of the Four Elastic Moduli Ultimate Strengths of a Unidirectional Lamina Coefficients of Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Moisture Expansion Summary Key Terms Exercise Set References MACROMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF LAMINATES Chapter Objectives Introduction Laminate Code Stress-Strain Relations for a Laminate In-Plane and Flexural Modulus of a Laminate Hygrothermal Effects in a Laminate Summary Key Terms Exercise Set References FAILURE, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN OF LAMINATES Chapter Objectives Introduction Special Cases of Laminates Failure Criterion for a Laminate Design of a Laminated Composite Other Mechanical Design Issues Summary Key Terms Exercise Set References BENDING OF BEAMS Chapter Objectives Introduction Symmetric Beams Nonsymmetric Beams Summary Key Terms Exercise Set References INDEX

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Fibre-hybrid composites are composed of two or more fibre types in a matrix. Such composites offer more design freedom than non-hybrid composites. The aim is often to alleviate the drawbacks of one of the fibre types while keeping the benefits of the other. The hybridisation can also lead to synergetic effects or to properties that neither of the constituents possess. Even though fibre-hybrid composites are attractive, they also pose more challenges in terms of materials selection than conventional, single fibre type composites. This review analyses the mechanisms for synergetic effects provides guidance on the fibre and matrix selection and describes recent opportunities and trends. It finishes by describing the current applications, and by contrasting how the industrial use is different from the academic research.

Recent advances in fibre-hybrid composites: materials selection, opportunities and applications

Lightweight materials and structures have attracted tremendous interests for their compelling advantages in a range of engineering problems that have placed heightened requirements in safety, environment, competitiveness and cost over recent years. As an effective approach, hybrid systems aim to take advantages and characteristics of different materials to maximize their functional roles in lightweight structures, thereby enhancing their respective material efficiency. This article provides a critical review on the advances in hybrid materials and structures for crashworthiness and energy absorption performance, in which fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), metals, cellular fillers and their hybrid configuration are discussed respectively. Attention is paid to the hybridization of different forms of FRP-FRP, FRP-metal, cellular filling materials with FRP structures, thereby demonstrating their constructive characteristics for different design goals. Crashworthiness and energy absorption performances of various hybridized materials, such as carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP), aluminum/steel, metallic foams/honeycombs/lattices, are evaluated and compared in detail. After highlighting the knowledge gaps in existing literatures, this review provides an outlook on the possible future research. It is expected to gain new insights into the design of novel lightweight hybrid configurations for aerospace, automotive, nautical and railway applications. • Constituent materials and preparation technology of hybrid energy absorption structures. • Experimental characterization and modeling of hybrid energy absorption structures. • Failure mechanism and parameter analysis of hybrid energy absorption structures. • Current challenges and future developments of hybrid energy absorption structures. 

Lightweight hybrid materials and structures for energy absorption: A state-of-the-art review and outlook

Comparison of the morphological and mechanical properties of oil Palm EFB fibres and kenaf fibres in nonwoven reinforced composites

Finite element analysis and experimental studies are presented on in-plane tensile and compressive properties under quasi-static loading for two types of hybrid composites made by using unidirectional T620S carbon and E-glass fabrics in a common matrix, epoxy resin Results are also generated for plain T620S carbon/epoxy and plain E-glass/epoxy composite laminates Quantitative data for tensile and compressive properties are presented It is observed that for hybrid composites, placing carbon and glass fiber parts alternately in every layer (intralayer configuration) gives higher tensile and compressive strengths Tensile failure strain is higher for intralayer compared to interlayer hybrid configuration

Hybrid composites made of unidirectional T600S carbon and E-glass fabrics under quasi-static loading

In this study, investigation has been made on the impact response of twill weave carbon fabric/epoxy foam sandwich composites by subjecting two types of stacking sequences of a sandwich composite structure, SC1 and SC2 to quasi-static indentation and low velocity impact loading. SC1 and SC2 had a sequence of [0/90, ±45, Core, 0/90, ±45], [0/90, ±45, 0/90, ±45, 0/90, Core, 0/90, 0/90, 0/90, 0/90], respectively. This work was done by use of material testing system and an instrumented Drop-Weight Machine (CEAST 9350 drop tower). Foam sandwich composite structures are mainly used in making an Engine Hood. The analysis was done with increase of impact energy on both types of stacking sequences, until complete perforation of the specimens at 25 Joule impact energy occurs. The failure processes of the damaged specimens under the three different impact energies (5 J, 15 J, and 25 J) were evaluated by comparing load–displacement curves. Images of damaged samples were taken from both impacted side and non-impacted ...

Experimental Study on the Effects of Stacking Sequence on Low Velocity Impact and Quasi-Static Response of Foam Sandwich Composite Structures

Fourteen types of composite laminates—plain carbon/epoxy composite laminate, plain glass/epoxy composite laminate, and 12 carbon fiber–glass fiber/epoxy intra-layer hybrid composite laminates—were ...

Effect of proportion of carbon fiber content and the dispersion of two fiber types on tensile and compressive properties of intra-layer hybrid composites:

Hybridization of glass fibers into carbon fibers could be an effective way to improve the failure strain problems of pure carbon composites and to reduce vehicle weight without excessive cost. Relative glass/carbon ratios significantly influences the flexural properties and laminate geometry further optimizes them. Hybrid composite laminates tend to fail more gradually when the relative carbon fiber content is much lower. Carbon fibers fail first due to having a low strain-to-failure resulting in stress drops and the composite continues extending until glass fiber fails finally and hence the catastrophic failure behaviour can be avoided. Keywords-hybrid composites; carbon fiber; glass fiber; flexural properties; hybrid effect; finite element analysis

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Effect of Glass/Carbon Ratios and Laminate Geometry on Flexural Properties of Glass/Carbon Fiber Hybrid Composites

This research paper contains the assessment of the microbial quality of some medical textiles and some export quality fabrics. For the assessment of microbial quality, different samples of the medical textiles and finished fabrics with antimicrobial finish have been collected from different hospitals located in Dhaka city and from different export oriented textile industries in Bangladesh respectively. Microbial quality of the samples have been determined by total viable bacterial count (TVBC), total coliform count (TCC), total fecal coliform count (TFCC), total staphylococcus count (TSC), total Shigella-salmonellae and total fungi count (TFC). The bacterial isolates from different medical textiles and export quality fabrics have been identified on the basis of microscopic appearance of the microorganism. In microbiological analysis of medical textile, four types of bacteria have been found- aerobic heterotrophic, coliform, fecal coliform, staphylococcus aureus and fungi. After testing the antimicrobial finished fabric for potency, it has been found that the fabrics can prevent the growth of bacteria like aerobic heterotrophic, coliform, fecal coliform, staphylococcus aureus and fungi but their inhibition growth rate is not satisfactory.

Md. Hasan Ikbal

Papers

Hybrid composites made of unidirectional T600S carbon and E-glass fabrics under quasi-static loading

Experimental Study on the Effects of Stacking Sequence on Low Velocity Impact and Quasi-Static Response of Foam Sandwich Composite Structures

Effect of proportion of carbon fiber content and the dispersion of two fiber types on tensile and compressive properties of intra-layer hybrid composites:

Effect of Glass/Carbon Ratios and Laminate Geometry on Flexural Properties of Glass/Carbon Fiber Hybrid Composites

A Comprehensive Analysis on the Efficacy of Antimicrobial Textiles