Based on the principles and metrics of green chemistry and sustainable development, biocatalysis is both a green and sustainable technology. This is largely a result of the spectacular advances in molecular biology and biotechnology achieved in the past two decades. Protein engineering has enabled the optimization of existing enzymes and the invention of entirely new biocatalytic reactions that were previously unknown in Nature. It is now eminently feasible to develop enzymatic transformations to fit predefined parameters, resulting in processes that are truly sustainable by design. This approach has successfully been applied, for example, in the industrial synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients. In addition to the use of protein engineering, other aspects of biocatalysis engineering, such as substrate, medium, and reactor engineering, can be utilized to improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness and, hence, the sustainability of biocatalytic reactions. Furthermore, immobilization of an enzyme ...

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Role of Biocatalysis in Sustainable Chemistry

Bioactives from fruit processing wastes: Green approaches to valuable chemicals

Recent progress in multienzymes co-immobilization and multienzyme system applications

In the past couple of decades, cross linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) have emerged as a novel and versatile carrier free immobilization technique. The immobilization of enzymes as cross linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) involves precipitation of an enzyme from aqueous solution followed by cross linking with a bi-functional reagent. It is worth noting that many parameters alter the enzyme precipitation and the aggregate cross linking and hence affect the activity and stability of CLEAs. Therefore to endorse CLEAs for industrial application, each newly synthesised CLEA is characterized. This review intends to investigate the effects of various parameters, such as the nature and purity of the enzyme, the nature and amount of precipitant, the nature and amount of cross linker, the cross linking time, the pH and temperature during CLEA preparation and washing and separation techniques on the activity and stability of CLEAs. The major parameters such as catalytic properties, particle size and morphology, stability and reusability required for approval of industrial applicability of newly synthesized CLEAs are critically reviewed. Furthermore the scope of CLEAs in non-aqueous solvent, the development of one pot cascade processes and the design of different types of enzyme reactors is also discussed.

Parameters in preparation and characterization of cross linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs)

To facilitate the process of aging healthily and prevent age-related health problems, efforts to properly understand aging mechanisms and develop effective and affordable anti-aging interventions are deemed necessary. Systemic administration of D-galactose has been established to artificially induce senescence in vitro and in vivo as well as for anti-aging therapeutic interventions studies. The aim of this article is to comprehensively discuss the use of D-galactose to generate a model of accelerated aging and its possible underlying mechanisms involved in different tissues/organs.

D-Galactose-induced accelerated aging model: an overview.

Herein we report the successful preparation of carrier free co-immobilized form of glucoamylase and pullulanase using combi-CLEAs method from commercial multi-enzyme preparation OPTIMAX® 7525 HP. Glucoamylase and pullulanase were precipitated using ammonium sulfate, followed by cross-linking for 8 h with 2% (v/v) glutaraldehyde to produce insoluble catalytically active co-immobilized form of enzymes. The effects of precipitant type and cross-linking were studied and the biocatalyst was characterized. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that co-immobilized form of enzymes was of spherical structure. For starch hydrolytic activity, shift in optimum pH from 5 to 7 and temperature from 60 to 70 °C were observed after co-immobilization of enzymes. After starch hydrolysis reaction in batch mode, 100, 80 and 30% conversions were obtained with co-immobilized enzymes, mixture of separate CLEAs and free enzymes, respectively. Co-immobilization also enhanced the thermal stability and storage stability. After eight reuses with 30 min reaction time, co-immobilized glucoamylase and pullulanase retained 90 and 85% of its initial activity, respectively.

Carrier free co-immobilization of glucoamylase and pullulanase as combi-cross linked enzyme aggregates (combi-CLEAs)

With an aim to examine the effect of ethanolic extract of P. crispum (Parsley) leaves on the D-galactose-induced oxidative stress in the brain of mouse, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) involved in oxygen radical (OR)-detoxification and antiperoxidative defense were measured in conjunction with an index of lipid peroxidation in mitochondrial fraction of various regions of the mouse brain. A significant decrease in superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity was observed in D-galactose-stressed mice, while catalase activity was increased. Treatment of D-galactose-stressed mice with the ethanolic extract of P. crispum showed protection against the induced oxidative stress in brain regions. Concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive product was greatly elevated in D-galactose stress-induced mice and was significantly reduced in the brain regions of these mice upon treatment with P. crispum. It is postulated that parsley shows a protective effect against mitochondrial oxidative damage in the mouse brain.

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/4204/1/IJEB%2047%285%29%20338-342.pdf

Protective effects of Petroselinum crispum (Mill) Nyman ex A. W. Hill leaf extract on D-galactose-induced oxidative stress in mouse brain.

In recent years, population is facing many health problems like chronic non-communicable diseases like Cancer, Stroke, Diabetes, Cardiovascular disorders and Reproductive disorders fro very early age. Urbanization and mechanization have changed the life style of the whole population which has resulted in greater exposure to pollution, high consumption of salt and fat containing food, low physical activity and stress. Withania may be having antioxidant property; protecting male reproductive organs from ROS and can avoid infertility. The overall findings may be helpful to the population not only to treat infertility but also to maintain normal sexual life.

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Protective effect of spermatogenic activity of Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) in galactose stressed mice

Background: High content of phospholipids in testes and epididymis is involved in regulation of spermatogenesis. On the other side, it makes testes susceptible to oxidative stress due to lipid peroxidation, which alters the normal mechanism of spermatogenesis. Objective: In the present investigation, antioxidant effects of ethanolic extracts of parsley, lettuce and brahmi were tested against D-galactose induced oxidative stress in mouse testes and epididymis. Materials and Methods: Oxidative stress was induced in six months old mice by injecting a low dose of D-galactose. Antioxidant effect of plant extracts was studied in testes and epididymis of oxidatively stressed mice in conjunction with thin layer chromatographic separation of phospholipids and quantitative estimation of phospholipid phosphorus. Results: The results showed decrease in total phospholipids content and level of phospholipid phosphorus in the testes and epididymis of D-galactose stressed mice. The administration of plant extracts along with D-galactose showed no significant alterations in the phospholipids content in testes and epididymis. Conclusion: Decreased phospholipids and phospholipids phosphorus in testes and epididymis of D-galactose stressed mice indicates peroxidation of lipids due to injection of D-galactose. The plant extracts helped to maintain the level of peroxidation in these organs even under stressed condition. It is postulated that ethanolic extracts of parsley, brahmi and lettuce are protective against D-galactose induced oxidative stress in testes and epididymis.

Meena M Pillai

Papers

Carrier free co-immobilization of glucoamylase and pullulanase as combi-cross linked enzyme aggregates (combi-CLEAs)

Protective effects of Petroselinum crispum (Mill) Nyman ex A. W. Hill leaf extract on D-galactose-induced oxidative stress in mouse brain.

Protective effect of spermatogenic activity of Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) in galactose stressed mice

Antioxidant effect of plant extracts on phospholipids levels in oxidatively stressed male reproductive organs in mice

Short communication Antioxidant effect of plant extracts on phospholipids levels in oxidatively stressed male reproductive organs in mice