Melissa J. Alldred

TL;DR: The results suggest that the higher prevalence of sporadic AD in women may be attributable to the vulnerability of female brains to stressful events, which alter APP processing to favor the β-amyloidogenesis through the transcriptional and translational upregulation of BACE1 combined with elevations in its substrate APP.

TL;DR: Using a high-resolution density gradient separation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from murine and human DS and diploid control brains, this paper identified and characterized a previously unknown population of double-membraned EVs containing multiple mitochondrial proteins distinct from previously described EV subtypes, including microvesicles and exosomes.

TL;DR: It is found that exosome secretion is enhanced in the brains of DS patients and a mouse model of the disease, and by DS fibroblasts, and increased levels of the tetraspanin CD63, a regulator ofExosome biogenesis, were observed in DS brains, suggesting the upregulation of exosomes represents a potential therapeutic goal for neurodegenerative disorders with endosomal pathology.

TL;DR: Single population studies of specific neurons and intrinsic circuits will likely yield informative gene expression profile data that may be subthreshold and/or underrepresented in regional studies with an admixture of cell types.

TL;DR: Using human and mouse tissue, Peng et al. report that APOE4 reduces brain exosome production and release, which may be the initial event in endosomal-lysosome-exosomal alterations contributing to neuronal vulnerability and neurodegenerative risk in APoe4-carriers.