Michael F. Fay

TL;DR: It is inferred that polyploidy, longevity and clonal reproduction have provided P. vulgaris with the standing genetic variation necessary to make the species resilient to the effects of demographic decline, suggesting that the use of multiple sources for reintroduction may be beneficial to mimic natural gene flow and the availability of multiple allele copies typical of polyploids species.

TL;DR: This species is a plant in peril, believed to be extinct in the wild, and its taxonomic history, cultivation requirements, and restricted natural distribution are discussed.

TL;DR: Cypripedium calceolus L., the lady's slipper orchid, is described and illustrated and its history and conservation in England is provided.

TL;DR: The genus Orchis in Europe is a good example of a group of species in which these types of questions arise as several of the species hybridize where they co-occur, and the example used here relates to O. militaris, O. purpurea and O. simia in the anthropomorphic group.