Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

http://amborella.net/2010PlantSystematics/DATA/3-24-APG%202003%20Bot%20J%20Linn%20Soc%20APGII.pdf

An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II

▪ Abstract As better phylogenetic hypotheses become available for many groups of organisms, studies in community ecology can be informed by knowledge of the evolutionary relationships among coexisting species. We note three primary approaches to integrating phylogenetic information into studies of community organization: 1. examining the phylogenetic structure of community assemblages, 2. exploring the phylogenetic basis of community niche structure, and 3. adding a community context to studies of trait evolution and biogeography. We recognize a common pattern of phylogenetic conservatism in ecological character and highlight the challenges of using phylogenies of partial lineages. We also review phylogenetic approaches to three emergent properties of communities: species diversity, relative abundance distributions, and range sizes. Methodological advances in phylogenetic supertree construction, character reconstruction, null models for community assembly and character evolution, and metrics of community ...

/pdf/phylogenies-and-community-ecology-52euwskuu7.pdf

Phylogenies and Community Ecology

Perp. punya vol. X. Flowering plant, eudicots : sapindales, cucurbitales, myrtaceae. Perp.punya: 1eks.

The Families And Genera Of Vascular Plants

I. the origin of species by means of natural selection

Mean temperature of establishment years for warm- and cold-year subpopulations of a naturally occurring stand of Betula pendula (birch) shows a difference equivalent to that between current temperatures and temperatures projected for 35-55 years hence, given 'business as usual.' The existence of 'pre-adapted' individuals in standing tree populations would reduce temperature-based advantages for invading species and, if general, bring into question assumptions currently used in models of global climate change. Our results demonstrate a methodology useful for investigating the important ecological issue of adaptation vs. range shifts as a means of response to climate change.

Temperature-based population segregation in birch

Geographical isolation and polyploidization are central concepts in plant evolution. The hierarchical organization of archipelagos in this study provides a framework for testing the evolutionary consequences for polyploid taxa and populations occurring in isolation. Using amplified fragment length polymorphism and simple sequence repeat markers, we determined the genetic diversity and differentiation patterns at three levels of geographical isolation in Olea europaea: mainland-archipelagos, islands within an archipelago, and populations within an island. At the subspecies scale, the hexaploid ssp. maroccana (southwest Morocco) exhibited higher genetic diversity than the insular counterparts. In contrast, the tetraploid ssp. cerasiformis (Madeira) displayed values similar to those obtained for the diploid ssp. guanchica (Canary Islands). Geographical isolation was associated with a high genetic differentiation at this scale. In the Canarian archipelago, the stepping-stone model of differentiation suggested in a previous study was partially supported. Within the western lineage, an east-to-west differentiation pattern was confirmed. Conversely, the easternmost populations were more related to the mainland ssp. europaea than to the western guanchica lineage. Genetic diversity across the Canarian archipelago was significantly correlated with the date of the last volcanic activity in the area/island where each population occurs. At the island scale, this pattern was not confirmed in older islands (Tenerife and Madeira), where populations were genetically homogeneous. In contrast, founder effects resulted in low genetic diversity and marked genetic differentiation among populations of the youngest island, La Palma.

Genetic diversity and differentiation processes in the ploidy series of Olea europaea L.: a multiscale approach from subspecies to insular populations

Recent results of evolutionary genomics and other research programmes indicate an important role for environment-dependent selection in speciation, but the conceptual frameworks of speciation genetics and environmental stress physiology have not been fully integrated. Only a small number of model systems have been established for cross-disciplinary studies of this type in animals and plants. In these taxa (e.g. Drosophila and Arabidopsis/Arabis), studies of the mechanistic basis of various stress responses are increasingly combined with attempts to understand their evolutionary consequences. Our understanding of the role of environmental stress in speciation would benefit from studies of a larger variety of taxa. We pinpoint areas for future study and predict that in many taxa ‘broad’ hybrid zones maintained by ecological selection will be valuable venues for addressing the link between environmental stress, adaptation, and speciation.

/pdf/adaptation-to-environmental-stress-a-rare-or-frequent-driver-2510vefe4j.pdf

Adaptation to environmental stress: a rare or frequent driver of speciation?

The most recent classification of Hyacinthaceae subsumes all members of Ornithogaloideae into the single large genus Ornithogalum comprising 250―300 spp. A combined molecular phylogenetic analysis of matK, trnL intron, trnL-F spacer and rbcL plastid DNA sequence data was carried out to assess possible alternative treatments. The study includes 70 taxa, representing all segregate genera that have been recognised in the subfamily and over 20% of the species. The resulting phylogeny identifies three, well-supported primary clades. Clade A comprises a grade constituting the majority of species of Stellarioides plus the Madagascan Igidia, in which is nested a strongly supported clade comprising Albuca and Coilonox; Clade B comprises Dipcadi sister to Pseudogaltonia; and Clade C comprises Eliokarmos, Cathissa, Galtonia, Honorius, Loncomelos, Melomphis, Neopatersonia, Ornithogalum, Zahariadia and two species of Stellarioides. The Madagascan Avonsera convallarioides is weakly supported as sister to the rest of clade C. Several of the segregate genera of Ornithogalum are shown not to be monophyletic although many of the lineages identified by the analysis correspond to lower level taxa that have been recognised in the group. Each of the three primary clades has morphological integrity and could be recognised taxonomically, either at the level of tribe or genus. Within these clades, however, many lineages are poorly defined morphologically and thus their recognition at the level of genus is problematical. Alternative taxonomic treatments are assessed but considerations of nomenclatural stability and taxonomic utility predicate that these lineages are best recognised at infrageneric level. We accordingly prefer to define the genera more broadly. Clade A is recognised as genus Albuca, clade B as comprising the genera Dipcadi and Pseudogaltonia, and clade C as the genus Ornithogalum. Monophyletic, morphologically diagnosable lineages within the genera Albuca and Ornithogalum are treated as subgenera and sections. A revised classification is presented, with necessary new combinations and complete listings of all currently accepted sub-Saharan species.

A molecular phylogeny and a revised classification of Ornithogaloideae (Hyacinthaceae) based on an analysis of four plastid DNA regions.

"Aqui se describe una nueva clasificacion tribal de Rhamnaceae basada en un analisis filogenetico de las secuencias rbcL y trnL-F del genoma del plastidio. La ultima clasificacion de la familia por Suessenguth reconocio cinco tribus. Ahora se reconocen once tribus, tres de las cuales son nuevas (Ampelozizipheae, Doerpfeldieae y Bathiorhamneae). La constitucion de Rhamneae Hook. F. se ha enmendado y se ha corregido el nombre de una tribu Zizipheae Brongn. a Paliureae Reissek ex Endl .; como sugirio Schirarend & Olabi 1994) y enmendado. Gancho Ventilagineae. f., Colletieae Reissek ex Endl. y Gouanieae Reissek ex Endl. son retenidos. Pomaderreae Reissek ex Endl. y Maesopsideae Weberb. han resucitado, al igual que Phyliceae Reissek ex Endl., que tambien ha sido enmendado. Tambien se describen tres grupos mas grandes dentro de Rhamnaceae sobre la base de los datos moleculares. Sin embargo, no hay caracteres morfologicos que marquen estos grupos, por lo que se les da nombres informales en este tratamiento. Un analisis cladistico morfologico tambien incluido aqui demuestra los problemas de intentar la reconstruccion filogenetica si solo se dispone de unos pocos caracteres morfologicos."

Michael F. Fay

Papers

Temperature-based population segregation in birch

Genetic diversity and differentiation processes in the ploidy series of Olea europaea L.: a multiscale approach from subspecies to insular populations

Adaptation to environmental stress: a rare or frequent driver of speciation?

A molecular phylogeny and a revised classification of Ornithogaloideae (Hyacinthaceae) based on an analysis of four plastid DNA regions.

A revision of the tribal classification of Rhamnaceae