A high-capacity system was developed to monitor the expression of many genes in parallel. Microarrays prepared by high-speed robotic printing of complementary DNAs on glass were used for quantitative expression measurements of the corresponding genes. Because of the small format and high density of the arrays, hybridization volumes of 2 microliters could be used that enabled detection of rare transcripts in probe mixtures derived from 2 micrograms of total cellular messenger RNA. Differential expression measurements of 45 Arabidopsis genes were made by means of simultaneous, two-color fluorescence hybridization.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/270/5235/467.full.pdf

Quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns with a complementary DNA microarray.

Salt and drought stress signal transduction consists of ionic and osmotic homeostasis signaling pathways, detoxification (i.e., damage control and repair) response pathways, and pathways for growth regulation. The ionic aspect of salt stress is signaled via the SOS pathway where a calcium-responsive SOS3-SOS2 protein kinase complex controls the expression and activity of ion transporters such as SOS1. Osmotic stress activates several protein kinases including mitogen-activated kinases, which may mediate osmotic homeostasis and/or detoxification responses. A number of phospholipid systems are activated by osmotic stress, generating a diverse array of messenger molecules, some of which may function upstream of the osmotic stress-activated protein kinases. Abscisic acid biosynthesis is regulated by osmotic stress at multiple steps. Both ABA-dependent and -independent osmotic stress signaling first modify constitutively expressed transcription factors, leading to the expression of early response transcriptional activators, which then activate downstream stress tolerance effector genes.

/pdf/salt-and-drought-stress-signal-transduction-in-plants-4bj87ki2ww.pdf

Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants

▪ Abstract Plant responses to salinity stress are reviewed with emphasis on molecular mechanisms of signal transduction and on the physiological consequences of altered gene expression that affect biochemical reactions downstream of stress sensing. We make extensive use of comparisons with model organisms, halophytic plants, and yeast, which provide a paradigm for many responses to salinity exhibited by stress-sensitive plants. Among biochemical responses, we emphasize osmolyte biosynthesis and function, water flux control, and membrane transport of ions for maintenance and re-establishment of homeostasis. The advances in understanding the effectiveness of stress responses, and distinctions between pathology and adaptive advantage, are increasingly based on transgenic plant and mutant analyses, in particular the analysis of Arabidopsis mutants defective in elements of stress signal transduction pathways. We summarize evidence for plant stress signaling systems, some of which have components analogous to t...

Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity.

Phenylpropanoid compounds encompass a wide range of structural classes and biological functions. Limiting discussion to stress-induced phenylpropanoids eliminates few of the structural classes, because many compounds thst are constitutive in one plant species or tissue can be induced by various stresses in another species or in another tissue of the same plant (Beggs et al., 1987; Christie et al., 1994).

/pdf/stress-induced-phenylpropanoid-metabolism-3mfsiitk82.pdf

Stress-Induced Phenylpropanoid Metabolism.

Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance

Barley contains a large CBF gene family associated with quantitative cold-tolerance traits

In 1985, Guy et al. (1985) showed that spinach alters gene expression in response to low nonfreezing temperatures. Results since then have established that cold-regulated gene expression is a common feature of higher plants (Thomashow, 1993). It occurs in chilling tolerant species that cold acclimate (i. e., increase in freezing tolerance in response to low nonfreezing temperatures); chilling tolerant species that do not cold acclimate; and in chilling sensitive species. A basic question raised is how do plants sense low temperature and alter gene expression? Are the sensing and regulatory mechanisms the same in both chilling tolerant and chilling sensitive plants? Also, towards the practical end of crop improvement, can we manipulate these sensing and regulatory systems to increase the chilling and freezing tolerance of agronomically important plants? These and related questions are now being addressed in a number of laboratories. Here, we summarize some of the findings that we have made on cold-regulated gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana, a chilling tolerant plant that cold acclimates.

Regulation of Plant Gene Expression in Response to Low Temperature

Office of Biological and Environmental Research Molecular Science Challenges, Workshop Report, Germantown, Maryland, May 27-29, 2014

The invention relates to modified plant transcription factor polypeptides, polynucleotides that encode them, homologs from a variety of plant species, and methods of producing transgenic plants having advantageous properties, including increased abiotic stress tolerance, as compared to wild-type or control plants. Without the disclosed modifications, the transcription factor sequences, when overexpressed in plants, often produce adverse morphological and developmental effects. The disclosed modifications mitigate these adverse morphological and developmental effects.

Modified plant transcription factors

Erratum: Use of a stress inducible promoter to drive ectopic AtCBF expression improves potato freezing tolerance while minimizing negative effects on tuber yield (Plant Biotechnology Journal (2007) DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652. 2007.00269.x)

Michael F. Thomashow

Papers

Barley contains a large CBF gene family associated with quantitative cold-tolerance traits

Regulation of Plant Gene Expression in Response to Low Temperature

Office of Biological and Environmental Research Molecular Science Challenges, Workshop Report, Germantown, Maryland, May 27-29, 2014

Modified plant transcription factors

Erratum: Use of a stress inducible promoter to drive ectopic AtCBF expression improves potato freezing tolerance while minimizing negative effects on tuber yield (Plant Biotechnology Journal (2007) DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652. 2007.00269.x)