Preface 1.General Considerations 2.Basic Processes in Atomization 3.Drop Size Distributions of Sprays 4.Atomizers 5.Flow in Atomizers 6.Atomizer Performance 7.External Spray Charcteristics 8.Drop Evaporation 9.Drop Sizing Methods Index

Atomization and Sprays

Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and sequestration includes a portfolio of technologies that can potentially sequester billions of tonnes of CO2 per year Mineral carbonation (MC) is emerging as a potential CCS technology solution to sequester CO2 from smaller/medium emitters, where geological sequestration is not a viable option In MC processes, CO2 is chemically reacted with calcium- and/or magnesium-containing materials to form stable carbonates This work investigates the current advancement in the proposed MC technologies and the role they can play in decreasing the overall cost of this CO2 sequestration route In situ mineral carbonation is a very promising option in terms of resources available and enhanced security, but the technology is still in its infancy and transport and storage costs are still higher than geological storage in sedimentary basins ($17 instead of $8 per tCO2) Ex situ mineral carbonation has been demonstrated on pilot and demonstration scales However, its application is currently limited by its high costs, which range from $50 to $300 per tCO2 sequestered Energy use, the reaction rate and material handling are the key factors hindering the success of this technology The value of the products seems central to render MC economically viable in the same way as conventional CCS seems profitable only when combined with EOR Large scale projects such as the Skyonic process can help in reducing the knowledge gaps on MC fundamentals and provide accurate costing and data on processes integration and comparison The literature to date indicates that in the coming decades MC can play an important role in decarbonising the power and industrial sector

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A review of mineral carbonation technologies to sequester CO2

Biomass gasification has yet to consolidate its position compared to other techniques for exploiting biomass energy. Neither the research conducted nor the plants built in recent decades, nor even government support for this technology, have provided a sufficient boost to increase the level of implementation of gasification despite its advantages in aspects such as greater efficiency and the reduction in CO2 emissions, as there are numerous other methods of biomass energy conversion that provide stiff competition. In this paper, gasification techniques have been reviewed in depth and the main factors to be considered in the design of a gasification plant have been outlined. It is observed that there are a great number of factors involved in design and operation of a gasification plant, and many of them are critical. Moreover, having designed a plant according to certain specifications, there is a high probability that these initial conditions can vary, causing a malfunction of the plant.

Biomass gasification for electricity generation: Review of current technology barriers

Redox catalysis, including photocatalysis and (photo)electrocatalysis, may alleviate global warming and energy crises by removing excess CO2 from the atmosphere and converting it to value-added resources. Nano-to-atomic two-dimensional (2D) materials, clusters and single atoms are superior catalysts because of their engineerable ultrathin/small dimensions and large surface areas and have attracted worldwide research interest. Given the current gap between research and applications in CO2 reduction, our review systematically and constructively discusses nano-to-atomic surface strategies for catalysts reported to date. This work is expected to drive and benefit future research to rationally design surface strategies with multi-parameter synergistic impacts on the selectivity, activity and stability of next-generation CO2 reduction catalysts, thus opening new avenues for sustainable solutions to climate change, energy and environmental issues, and the potential industrial economy.

Surface strategies for catalytic CO2 reduction: from two-dimensional materials to nanoclusters to single atoms

Progress in biofuel production from gasification

This article presents a summary of the main findings from a collaborative research project between Aalto University in Finland and partner universities. A comparative process synthesis, modelling and thermal assessment was conducted for the production of Bio-synthetic natural gas (SNG) and hydrogen from supercritical water refining of a lipid extracted algae feedstock integrated with onsite heat and power generation. The developed reactor models for product gas composition, yield and thermal demand were validated and showed conformity with reported experimental results, and the balance of plant units were designed based on established technologies or state-of-the-art pilot operations. The poly-generative cases illustrated the thermo-chemical constraints and design trade-offs presented by key process parameters such as plant organic throughput, supercritical water refining temperature, nature of desirable coproducts, downstream indirect production and heat recovery scenarios. The evaluated cases favoring hydrogen production at 5 wt. % solid content and 600 °C conversion temperature allowed higher gross syngas and CHP production. However, mainly due to the higher utility demands the net syngas production remained lower compared to the cases favoring BioSNG production. The latter case, at 450 °C reactor temperature, 18 wt. % solid content and presence of downstream indirect production recorded 66.5%, 66.2% and 57.2% energetic, fuel-equivalent and exergetic efficiencies respectively.

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The BioSCWG Project: Understanding the Trade-Offs in the Process and Thermal Design of Hydrogen and Synthetic Natural Gas Production

Production of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) from steelmaking slag for fixation of CO2

https://research.aalto.fi/files/20584554/CHEM_zdenk_i_et_al_Novel_Biorefinery_2017_Energy_Conversion_and_Management.pdf

A Novel Biorefinery Integration Concept for Lignocellulosic Biomass

This paper investigates simulation results of the thermodynamic performance of a 25 kWel small-scale solid oxide fuel cell model fuelled with biogas. Hereby, biogas is produced from a predefined group of substrates, namely, livestock effluents, energy crops, agricultural waste, and organic waste. For the analysis, average methane (CH4) content is assumed to lie between 50 and 60 mol % as large seasonal and daily variations are observed which are independent of used matter. The main biogas contaminants are sulfur compounds, mostly in the form of H2S. Sulfur leads to fast catalyst deactivation in the reformer and fuel cell, which is why an effective gas-cleaning system is established. For this, ZnO and activated carbon are the most practical gas-cleaning solutions for small-scale plants. The energy model of the solid oxide fuel cell plant is designed and analyzed through detailed energy and mass balance calculations throughout all system components and streams. The above-mentioned model is set up in in such...

Mika Järvinen

Papers

The BioSCWG Project: Understanding the Trade-Offs in the Process and Thermal Design of Hydrogen and Synthetic Natural Gas Production

Production of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) from steelmaking slag for fixation of CO2

A Novel Biorefinery Integration Concept for Lignocellulosic Biomass

Small-Scale Biogas-SOFC Plant: Technical Analysis and Assessment of Different Fuel Reforming Options

Energetic and environmental performance of three biomass upgrading processes integrated with a CHP plant