1.0. Introduction 4044 2.0. Biomass Chemistry and Growth Rates 4047 2.1. Lignocellulose and Starch-Based Plants 4047 2.2. Triglyceride-Producing Plants 4049 2.3. Algae 4050 2.4. Terpenes and Rubber-Producing Plants 4052 3.0. Biomass Gasification 4052 3.1. Gasification Chemistry 4052 3.2. Gasification Reactors 4054 3.3. Supercritical Gasification 4054 3.4. Solar Gasification 4055 3.5. Gas Conditioning 4055 4.0. Syn-Gas Utilization 4056 4.1. Hydrogen Production by Water−Gas Shift Reaction 4056

/pdf/synthesis-of-transportation-fuels-from-biomass-chemistry-3sckhzoqoz.pdf

Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering.

https://www.cti2000.it/Bionett/BioD-1999-101%20Biodiesel%20production%20review.pdf

Biodiesel production : a review

A literature review is presented regarding the synthesis, and physicochemical, chemical, and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)(PLA). Poly(lactic acid) exists as a polymeric helix, with an orthorhombic unit cell. The tensile properties of PLA can vary widely, depending on whether or not it is annealed or oriented or what its degree of crystallinity is. Also discussed are the effects of processing on PLA. Crystallization and crystallization kinetics of PLA are also investigated. Solution and melt rheology of PLA is also discussed. Four different power-law equations and 14 different Mark–Houwink equations are presented for PLA. Nuclear magnetic resonance, UV–VIS, and FTIR spectroscopy of PLA are briefly discussed. Finally, research conducted on starch–PLA composites is introduced.

/pdf/a-literature-review-of-poly-lactic-acid-559pd7jgnc.pdf

A Literature Review of Poly(Lactic Acid)

Biodiesel is gaining more and more importance as an attractive fuel due to the depleting fossil fuel resources. Chemically biodiesel is monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable feed stock like vegetable oils and animal fats. It is produced by transesterification in which, oil or fat is reacted with a monohydric alcohol in presence of a catalyst. The process of transesterification is affected by the mode of reaction condition, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type of alcohol, type and amount of catalysts, reaction time and temperature and purity of reactants. In the present paper various methods of preparation of biodiesel with different combination of oil and catalysts have been described. The technical tools and processes for monitoring the transesterification reactions like TLC, GC, HPLC, GPC, 1H NMR and NIR have also been summarized. In addition, fuel properties and specifications provided by different countries are discussed.

Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification—a review

http://aoatools.aua.gr/pilotec/files/bibliography/Biofuels%20(alcohols%20and%20biodiesel)%20applications%20as%20fuels%20for%20internal-4026835713/Biofuels%20(alcohols%20and%20biodiesel)%20applications%20as%20fuels%20for%20internal.pdf

Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines

Biodiesel is a promising alternative, and renewable, fuel. As its production increases, so does production of the principle co-product, crude glycerol. The effective utilization of crude glycerol will contribute to the viability of biodiesel. In this review, composition and quality factors of crude glycerol are discussed. The value-added utilization opportunities of crude glycerol are reviewed. The majority of crude glycerol is used as feedstock for production of other value-added chemicals, followed by animal feeds.

/pdf/value-added-uses-for-crude-glycerol-a-byproduct-of-biodiesel-2p34cdk9r1.pdf

Value-added uses for crude glycerol--a byproduct of biodiesel production.

A review was conducted on the use of thermochemical biomass gasification for producing biofuels, biopower and chemicals. The upstream processes for gasification are similar to other biomass processing methods. However, challenges remain in the gasification and downstream processing for viable commercial applications. The challenges with gasification are to understand the effects of operating conditions on gasification reactions for reliably predicting and optimizing the product compositions, and for obtaining maximal efficiencies. Product gases can be converted to biofuels and chemicals such as Fischer-Tropsch fuels, green gasoline, hydrogen, dimethyl ether, ethanol, methanol, and higher alcohols. Processes and challenges for these conversions are also summarized.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/2/3/556/pdf

Thermochemical biomass gasification—a review of the current status of the technology

Chitosan-starch composite film: preparation and characterization.

Gasification technology has been investigated to effectively and economically convert low-value and highly distributed solid biomass to a uniform gaseous mixture mainly including hydrogen (H 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). This gaseous mixture can be further used as an industrial feedstock for heat and power generation, H 2 production and synthesis of liquid fuels. Significant advances have been made in the technology of biomass gasification and syngas utilization. This review was conducted to introduce the recent advances in biomass gasification and syngas utilization. The critical technical issues and perspectives of biomass gasification were discussed.

https://ncesr.unl.edu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Wang-Contemporary-issues-in-thermal-gasifiction.pdf

Milford A. Hanna

Papers

Biodiesel production : a review

Value-added uses for crude glycerol--a byproduct of biodiesel production.

Thermochemical biomass gasification—a review of the current status of the technology

Chitosan-starch composite film: preparation and characterization.

Contemporary issues in thermal gasification of biomass and its application to electricity and fuel production.