Earthquake-resistant limit-state design for buildings

Seismic behaviour of Cross-Laminated Timber structures: A state-of-the-art review

(1971). Statistical Tolerance Regions: Classical and Bayesian. Journal of the Operational Research Society: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 309-310.

Statistical Tolerance Regions: Classical and Bayesian

Rolling shear: Test configurations and properties of some European soft- and hardwood species

This paper presents an experimental study on rolling shear (RS) strength properties of non-edge-glued cross-laminated timber (CLT) made out of New Zealand Radiata pine (Pinus radiata) structural timber. CLT specimens with 35 and 20 mm thick laminations were studied to evaluate the influence of lamination thickness on the RS strength of CLT. Short-span three-point bending tests were used to introduce high RS stresses in cross layers of CLT specimens and facilitate the RS failure mechanism. Modified planar shear tests from the conventional two-plate planar shear tests were also used to evaluate the RS strength properties. It was found that two test methods yielded comparable RS strength properties and the lamination thickness significantly affected RS strength of the CLT specimens. The test results also indicated that the recommended characteristic RS strength values of CLT products in Europe and Canada might be over conservative. Also, it might be more efficient to specify different RS strength values for CLT with different lamination thickness given the minimum width-to-depth ratio of laminations is satisfied.

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Evaluating rolling shear strength properties of cross-laminated timber by short-span bending tests and modified planar shear tests

This paper presents an extension to an algorithm called HYST to develop the hysteresis characteristics of a nail connection. The paper also discusses the implementation of the algorithm in a finite-element model of a wood shear wall, called WALL2D, to study the hysteretic wall response. The HYST algorithm is a protocol-independent and mechanics-based procedure that considers the nail shank as steel beam elements and the wood embedment medium as compression-only spring elements smeared along the nail shank. By accounting for the stiffness degradation of the wood embedment medium under cyclic loading, HYST can fully address strength/stiffness degradation and the pinching effect in the hysteresis of typical nail connections. HYST was verified by the load-slip hystereses from nail connections tested with two different loading protocols. The WALL2D application model consists of linear elastic beam elements for framing members, orthotropic plate elements for sheathing panels, linear springs for framing connecti...

Modeling Hysteretic Behavior of Wood Shear Walls with a Protocol-Independent Nail Connection Algorithm

This paper presents an evaluation of overstrength based on an experimental study on dowelled connections in Cross Laminated Timber (CLT). Connection overstrength needs to be well understood in order to ensure that ductile system behaviour and energy dissipation can be achieved under seismic loading. Overstrength is defined as the difference between the code-based strength, using characteristic material strengths, and the 95th percentile of the true strength distribution. Many aspects contribute to total connection overstrength, which makes its definition challenging. In this study, half-hole embedment tests were performed on CLT to establish embedment strength properties and three point bending tests were performed to determine the fastener yield moment. Different connection layouts, making use of mild steel dowels and an internal steel plate, were tested under monotonic and cyclic loading to evaluate theoretically determined overstrength values and study the influence of cyclic loading on overstrength. Experimental results were compared with strength predictions from code provisions and analytical models for ductile response under monotonic loading. It was found that cyclic loading does not significantly influence overstrength for connections that respond in a mixed-mode ductile way indicating that in future more expedient monotonic test campaigns could be used. This work also provides further experimental data and theoretical considerations necessary for the estimation of a generally applicable overstrength factor for dowelled CLT connections.

Overstrength of dowelled CLT connections under monotonic and cyclic loading

SUMMARY

This paper presents finite element modeling and a parametric analysis of prototype timber–steel hybrid structures, which are composed of steel moment-resisting frames and infill wood-frame shear walls A user-defined element was developed to model the behavior of the infill wood shear walls based on the concept of pseudo-nail model The element was implemented as a subroutine in a finite element software package abaqus The model was verified by reversed cyclic test results and further used in a parametric analysis to investigate the lateral performance of timber–steel hybrid shear walls with various structural configurations The results showed that the infill wall was quite effective within small drift ratios, and the elastic lateral stiffness of the hybrid shear wall increased when a stronger infill wall was used In order to ensure the structural efficiency of the hybrid shear wall system, it is beneficial to use relatively strong timber–steel bolted connections to make sure the shear force can be transferred effectively between the steel frame and the infill wall Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Minghao Li

Papers

Evaluating rolling shear strength properties of cross-laminated timber by short-span bending tests and modified planar shear tests

Modeling Hysteretic Behavior of Wood Shear Walls with a Protocol-Independent Nail Connection Algorithm

Overstrength of dowelled CLT connections under monotonic and cyclic loading

Finite element modeling and parametric analysis of timber–steel hybrid structures

Seismic performance assessment of steel frame infilled with prefabricated wood shear walls