Owing to the competitive advantages of cost reduction, system downsizing, and reliability enhancement, position sensorless control methods for permanent magnet synchronous machine drives have drawn increasing attention from academia to industrial applications. In this article, a survey of the major sensorless control techniques for a wide speed range from low to high speeds is presented. The different high frequency signal injection schemes, fundamental pulsewidth modulation excitation methods, and model-based sensorless control are displayed and compared, which is able to facilitate the sensorless control implementation.

Position Sensorless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Drives—A Review

The installed capacity of photovoltaic (PV) systems globally reached 177 GW at the end of 2014 The annual rate of installations, 387 GW in 2014, continues to increase A large part of this is installed as residential systems connected to low voltage (LV) networks The majority of the LV distribution networks are radial, unbalanced with respect to loads and feeder structures and have high R/X ratios The large scale deployment of PV within the LV distribution networks is limited by voltage quality problems, particularly over voltages and unbalance Development of proper mitigation techniques is essential to effectively and efficiently manage high penetration of PV within the LV distribution networks A number of techniques have already been developed and implemented in LV distribution networks to alleviate those problems This paper provides an extensive review of the present status, impacts and technical challenges of PV penetration in LV distribution networks In addition, the review comprehensively examines the commercially available and emerging mitigation methods and provides a framework that systematically explores the full range of technical methods and limitations for PV impact mitigation These will provide a useful framework and strong point of reference for the researchers working further in this field

A review of high PV penetrations in LV distribution networks: Present status, impacts and mitigation measures

The implementations of fuel cells (FCs) in the vehicle industry have gained great attention for the last few decades owing to simple utilization, silent operation, high efficiency and modular structure. Technological advancements show that the use of FCs in electric vehicles (EVs) will increase rapidly and cause a revolution, and will be an alternative to traditional vehicles in the future. Commercial vehicles, projects and research show that work is underway to ensure that FCEVs have sufficient performance advances for their daily transportation needs. However, the lack of a detailed study that will shed light on researchers working in this field is obvious. It aims to provide a comprehensive scientific publication on the current status and future expectations to engineers and researchers interested in this field. In the current study, numerous studies have been examined in detail and added as supplementary to the bibliography. In this context, FCEVs are classified under headings of configurations, systems components, control/management, technical challenges, marketing and future aspects. First of all, FC types and electric motors are discussed in terms of their application areas, characteristic properties and operating conditions. Power converters, which are voltage regulation and motor drive topologies used in FCEVs, are detailed according to the structural frequency of use, structure, and complexity. In the next sections, control issues for converters and technical challenges are branched for FCEVs. In final section, the current status and future aspects are reported using a large number of marketing and target data.

A review and research on fuel cell electric vehicles: Topologies, power electronic converters, energy management methods, technical challenges, marketing and future aspects

This article classifies, describes, and critically compares different modeling techniques and control methods for dual-active-bridge (DAB) dc–dc converters and provides explicit guidance about the DAB controller design to practicing engineers and researchers. First, available modeling methods for DAB including reduced-order model, generalized average model, and discrete-time model are classified and quantitatively compared using simulation results. Based on this comparison, recommendations for suitable DAB modeling method are given. Then, we comprehensively review the available control methods including feedback-only control, linearization control, feedforward plus feedback, disturbance-observer-based control, feedforward current control, model predictive current control, sliding mode control, and moving discretized control set model predictive control. Frequency responses of the closed-loop control-to-output and output impedance are selected as the metrics of the ability in voltage tracking and the load disturbance rejection performance. The frequency response plots of the closed-loop control-to-output transfer function and output impedance of each control method are theoretically derived or swept using simulation software PLECS and MATLAB. Based on these plots, remarks on each control method are drawn. Some practical control issues for DAB including dead-time effect, phase drift, and dc magnetic flux bias are also reviewed. This article is accompanied by PLECS simulation files of the reviewed control methods.

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Modeling and Advanced Control of Dual-Active-Bridge DC–DC Converters: A Review

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Response Surfaces Designs And Analyses

In a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system, high-frequency (HF) pulsating voltage signal injection has demonstrated high accuracy to estimate the initial rotor position. However, a conventional signal demodulation method may face the problems of long convergence time and limited system stability, owing to the low-pass filter (LPF) used in signal demodulation process. Thus, a direct signal demodulation method is proposed, in which, the LPF is removed to improve system stability and dynamic property. A direct demodulation collection is generated to extract the position deviation signal from estimated q -axis HF current. Recursive discrete Fourier transform is employed to calculate the amplitude of estimated d -axis HF current, thus an amplitude normalized technique is implemented to reduce the effects of HF signal and PMSM. Meanwhile, the stability and dynamic property are compared between the conventional and proposed method, with the aid of D-partition technique and amplitude–frequency characteristics diagram. Furthermore, a novel magnetic polarity detection method is put forward based on the magnetic saturation, which has a high signal-to-noise ratio. Finally, the experimental results on three PMSM drive systems prove that the proposed method is practicable and effective.

Improved Initial Rotor Position Estimation for PMSM Drives Based on HF Pulsating Voltage Signal Injection

A near-state three-dimensional space-vector modulation (NS 3-D SVM) switching scheme, which aims to reduce the common-mode noise in a three-phase four-leg voltage source inverter, is proposed. The impact of common-mode noise, which is related to electromagnetic interference issues for a high-voltage level four-leg system, is investigated first. Identification of the section in a 3-D space, selection of the near-state switching vectors, and sequence of the selected switching vectors are then introduced in steps to describe the proposed switching scheme. The proposed switching scheme is based on classical 3-D SVM, producing higher dc-link utilization, less harmonic content, and reduced switching loss compared to sinusoidal PWM. Theory, simulation, and experimental results show that the near-state 3-D SVM can work under both balanced and unbalanced load conditions.

A Near-State Three-Dimensional Space Vector Modulation for a Three-Phase Four-Leg Voltage Source Inverter

Single-inductor multi-input multi-output (SI-MIMO) dc–dc converters are attractive in the engineering applications due to the advantage of high power density and low cost. In order to explore as many as possible SI-MIMO topologies, this article proposes a simple and effective topology derivation principle that only requires three steps. First, three basic cells consisting of a single inductor and multiple sets of unidirectional switches as well as inputs/outputs are proposed. Second, integrate the mentioned three basic cells with the inductor branch of the typical single-input single-output converters. Finally, implement the topology simplification by removing unnecessary switches/diodes. Based on the proposed principle, a large number of SI-MIMO topologies are derived from buck, boost, buck–boost, and noninverting buck–boost converters in this article. With more topology choices having different performance characteristics, it is very beneficial for engineers to gain an optimized design that a preferred one can be selected out after comprehensive comparison. As an example, topology comparison and selection among a family of single-inductor single-input dual-output converters is also conducted in this article. Besides, performance analysis, design considerations, and simulation/experiment results of the selected optimum topology are demonstrated in detail to verify its advantages.

Principle and Topology Derivation of Single-Inductor Multi-Input Multi-Output DC–DC Converters

This paper presents an accelerated particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to track global maximum power point (MPP) of photovoltaic (PV) generation under partial shading conditions. Conventional PSO-based MPPT algorithms have common weaknesses of a long convergence time to reach the global MPP and oscillations during the searching. The proposed algorithm includes a standard PSO and a perturb-and-observe algorithm as the accelerator. It has been experimentally tested and compared with conventional MPPT algorithms. Experimental results show that the proposed MPPT method is effective in terms of high reliability, fast dynamic response, and high accuracy in tracking the global MPP.

Accelerated particle swarm optimization for photovoltaic maximum power point tracking under partial shading conditions

Real-time simulation of power electronics has been recognized by the industry as an effective tool for developing power electronic devices and systems. Since there is no energy transfer during the course of the usage, real-time simulation has a lot of advantages in the process of development and experimentation. From the perspective of real-time simulation, this paper focuses on the main problems in modeling accuracy, system bandwidth and stability, limitations on communication interface and energy interface, and the cost of platform construction. Finally, we provide further research directions.

Mingyao Ma

Papers

Improved Initial Rotor Position Estimation for PMSM Drives Based on HF Pulsating Voltage Signal Injection

A Near-State Three-Dimensional Space Vector Modulation for a Three-Phase Four-Leg Voltage Source Inverter

Principle and Topology Derivation of Single-Inductor Multi-Input Multi-Output DC–DC Converters

Accelerated particle swarm optimization for photovoltaic maximum power point tracking under partial shading conditions

Review of Real-time Simulation of Power Electronics