[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

Autophagy is a catabolic process aimed at recycling cellular components and damaged organelles in response to diverse conditions of stress, such as nutrient deprivation, viral infection and genotoxic stress. A growing amount of evidence in recent years argues for oxidative stress acting as the converging point of these stimuli, with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) being among the main intracellular signal transducers sustaining autophagy. This review aims at providing novel insight into the regulatory pathways of autophagy in response to glucose and amino acid deprivation, as well as their tight interconnection with metabolic networks and redox homeostasis. The role of oxidative and nitrosative stress in autophagy is also discussed in the light of its being harmful for both cellular biomolecules and signal mediator through reversible posttranslational modifications of thiol-containing proteins. The redox-independent relationship between autophagy and antioxidant response, occurring through the p62/Keap1/Nrf2 pathway, is also addressed in order to provide a wide perspective upon the interconnection between autophagy and oxidative stress. Herein, we also attempt to afford an overview of the complex crosstalk between autophagy and DNA damage response (DDR), focusing on the main pathways activated upon ROS and RNS overproduction. Along these lines, the direct and indirect role of autophagy in DDR is dissected in depth.

/pdf/oxidative-stress-and-autophagy-the-clash-between-damage-and-49lnde13mj.pdf

Oxidative stress and autophagy: the clash between damage and metabolic needs

Memory corruption bugs in software written in low-level languages like C or C++ are one of the oldest problems in computer security. The lack of safety in these languages allows attackers to alter the program's behavior or take full control over it by hijacking its control flow. This problem has existed for more than 30 years and a vast number of potential solutions have been proposed, yet memory corruption attacks continue to pose a serious threat. Real world exploits show that all currently deployed protections can be defeated. This paper sheds light on the primary reasons for this by describing attacks that succeed on today's systems. We systematize the current knowledge about various protection techniques by setting up a general model for memory corruption attacks. Using this model we show what policies can stop which attacks. The model identifies weaknesses of currently deployed techniques, as well as other proposed protections enforcing stricter policies. We analyze the reasons why protection mechanisms implementing stricter polices are not deployed. To achieve wide adoption, protection mechanisms must support a multitude of features and must satisfy a host of requirements. Especially important is performance, as experience shows that only solutions whose overhead is in reasonable bounds get deployed. A comparison of different enforceable policies helps designers of new protection mechanisms in finding the balance between effectiveness (security) and efficiency. We identify some open research problems, and provide suggestions on improving the adoption of newer techniques.

/pdf/sok-eternal-war-in-memory-2edi4hn0e5.pdf

SoK: Eternal War in Memory

We present the first large-scale studies of three advanced web tracking mechanisms - canvas fingerprinting, evercookies and use of "cookie syncing" in conjunction with evercookies. Canvas fingerprinting, a recently developed form of browser fingerprinting, has not previously been reported in the wild; our results show that over 5% of the top 100,000 websites employ it. We then present the first automated study of evercookies and respawning and the discovery of a new evercookie vector, IndexedDB. Turning to cookie syncing, we present novel techniques for detection and analysing ID flows and we quantify the amplification of privacy-intrusive tracking practices due to cookie syncing. Our evaluation of the defensive techniques used by privacy-aware users finds that there exist subtle pitfalls --- such as failing to clear state on multiple browsers at once - in which a single lapse in judgement can shatter privacy defenses. This suggests that even sophisticated users face great difficulties in evading tracking techniques.

/pdf/the-web-never-forgets-persistent-tracking-mechanisms-in-the-3clgbulx9j.pdf

The Web Never Forgets: Persistent Tracking Mechanisms in the Wild

Return-into-libc (RILC) is one of the most common forms of code-reuse attacks. In this attack, an intruder uses a buffer overflow or other exploit to redirect control flow through existing (libc) functions within the legitimate program. While dangerous, it is generally considered limited in its expressive power since it only allows the attacker to execute straight-line code. In other words, RILC attacks are believed to be incapable of arbitrary computation--they are not Turing complete. Consequently, to address this limitation, researchers have developed other code-reuse techniques, such as return-oriented programming (ROP). In this paper, we make the counterargument and demonstrate that the original RILC technique is indeed Turing complete. Specifically, we present a generalized RILC attack called Turing complete RILC (TC-RILC) that allows for arbitrary computations. We demonstrate that TC-RILC satisfies formal requirements of Turing-completeness. In addition, because it depends on the well-defined semantics of libc functions, we also show that a TC-RILC attack can be portable between different versions (or even different families) of operating systems and naturally has negative implications for some existing anti-ROP defenses. The development of TC-RILC on both Linux and Windows platforms demonstrates the expressiveness and practicality of the generalized RILC attack.

http://www.cs.ncsu.edu/faculty/jiang/pubs/RAID11.pdf

On the expressiveness of return-into-libc attacks

Boric Acid: A Highly Efficient Catalyst for Transamidation of Carboxamides with Amines

Three-Component Reaction between Alkynes, Elemental Sulfur, and Aliphatic Amines: A General, Straightforward, and Atom Economical Approach to Thioamides

Hexokinase-II (HKII) is highly expressed in the heart and can bind to the mitochondrial outer membrane. Since cardiac hypertrophy is associated with a substrate switch from fatty acid to glucose, we hypothesized that a reduction in HKII would decrease cardiac hypertrophy after pressure overload. Contrary to our hypothesis, heterozygous HKII-deficient (HKII+/−) mice displayed increased hypertrophy and fibrosis in response to pressure overload. The mechanism behind this phenomenon involves increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as HKII knockdown increased ROS accumulation, and treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) abrogated the exaggerated response. HKII mitochondrial binding is also important for the hypertrophic effects, as HKII dissociation from the mitochondria resulted in de novo hypertrophy, which was also attenuated by NAC. Further studies showed that the increase in ROS levels in response to HKII knockdown or mitochondrial dissociation is mediated through increased mitochondrial permeability and not by a significant change in antioxidant defenses. Overall, these data suggest that HKII and its mitochondrial binding negatively regulate cardiac hypertrophy by decreasing ROS production via mitochondrial permeability.

https://www.embopress.org/doi/pdf/10.1002/emmm.201200240

Hexokinase II knockdown results in exaggerated cardiac hypertrophy via increased ROS production.

Internet advertising is one of the most popular online business models. JavaScript-based advertisements (ads) are often directly embedded in a web publisher's page to display ads relevant to users (e.g., by checking the user's browser environment and page content). However, as third-party code, the ads pose a significant threat to user privacy. Worse, malicious ads can exploit browser vulnerabilities to compromise users' machines and install malware. To protect users from these threats, we propose AdSentry, a comprehensive confinement solution for JavaScript-based advertisements. The crux of our approach is to use a shadow JavaScript engine to sandbox untrusted ads. In addition, AdSentry enables flexible regulation on ad script behaviors by completely mediating its access to the web page (including its DOM) without limiting the JavaScript functionality exposed to the ads. Our solution allows both web publishers and end users to specify access control policies to confine ads' behaviors. We have implemented a proof-of-concept prototype of AdSentry that transparently supports the Mozilla Firefox browser. Our experiments with a number of ads-related attacks successfully demonstrate its practicality and effectiveness. The performance measurement indicates that our system incurs a small performance overhead.

http://www.csc.ncsu.edu/faculty/jiang/pubs/ACSAC11_ADSENTRY.pdf

Minh Tran

Papers

On the expressiveness of return-into-libc attacks

Boric Acid: A Highly Efficient Catalyst for Transamidation of Carboxamides with Amines

Three-Component Reaction between Alkynes, Elemental Sulfur, and Aliphatic Amines: A General, Straightforward, and Atom Economical Approach to Thioamides

Hexokinase II knockdown results in exaggerated cardiac hypertrophy via increased ROS production.

AdSentry: comprehensive and flexible confinement of JavaScript-based advertisements