The Grid 2: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure

A communication infrastructure is an essential part to the success of the emerging smart grid. A scalable and pervasive communication infrastructure is crucial in both construction and operation of a smart grid. In this paper, we present the background and motivation of communication infrastructures in smart grid systems. We also summarize major requirements that smart grid communications must meet. From the experience of several industrial trials on smart grid with communication infrastructures, we expect that the traditional carbon fuel based power plants can cooperate with emerging distributed renewable energy such as wind, solar, etc, to reduce the carbon fuel consumption and consequent green house gas such as carbon dioxide emission. The consumers can minimize their expense on energy by adjusting their intelligent home appliance operations to avoid the peak hours and utilize the renewable energy instead. We further explore the challenges for a communication infrastructure as the part of a complex smart grid system. Since a smart grid system might have over millions of consumers and devices, the demand of its reliability and security is extremely critical. Through a communication infrastructure, a smart grid can improve power reliability and quality to eliminate electricity blackout. Security is a challenging issue since the on-going smart grid systems facing increasing vulnerabilities as more and more automation, remote monitoring/controlling and supervision entities are interconnected.

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1315&context=electricalengineeringfacpub

A Survey on Smart Grid CommunicationInfrastructures: Motivations, Requirements andChallenges

Multiagent Systems is the title of a collection of papers dedicated to surveying specific themes of Multiagent Systems (MAS) and Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI). All of them authored by leading researchers of this dynamic multidisciplinary field.

/pdf/multiagent-systems-a-modern-approach-to-distributed-5fon0donq1.pdf

Multiagent systems: a modern approach to distributed artificial intelligence

A smart grid is a new form of electricity network with high fidelity power-flow control, self-healing, and energy reliability and energy security using digital communications and control technology. To upgrade an existing power grid into a smart grid, it requires significant dependence on intelligent and secure communication infrastructures. It requires security frameworks for distributed communications, pervasive computing and sensing technologies in smart grid. However, as many of the communication technologies currently recommended to use by a smart grid is vulnerable in cyber security, it could lead to unreliable system operations, causing unnecessary expenditure, even consequential disaster to both utilities and consumers. In this paper, we summarize the cyber security requirements and the possible vulnerabilities in smart grid communications and survey the current solutions on cyber security for smart grid communications.

/pdf/a-survey-on-cyber-security-for-smart-grid-communications-3ah12orzeu.pdf

A Survey on Cyber Security for Smart Grid Communications

Resonance conditions for a substrate-superstrate printed antenna geometry which allow for large antenna gain are presented. Asymptotic formulas for gain, beamwidth, and bandwidth are given, and the bandwidth limitation of the method is discussed. The method is extended to produce narrow patterns about the horizon, and directive patterns at two different angles.

Gain enhancement methods for printed circuit antennas

This paper present a reconfigurable T-shaped antenna how can operate easily at seven frequencies in S-band, the switching technique consist of an equivalent approach to PIN Diode it is to change the state of the distribution of current by insert a simple micro strip line in different positions, the simulated and de measured prototype frequency is respectively 3.12 GHz, 3.2 GHz, 3.31 GHz, 3.44 GHz, 3.56 GHz, 3.76 GHz, 4 GHz. The antenna is fabricated using FR4 substrate with relative permittivity of 4.4 and pert tangent of 0.02.

Reconfigurable T-shaped antenna for S-band applications

This work employs the Singularity Expansion Method (SEM) to model a metallic monopole operating above a conducting ground plane followed by an analysis of printed circular disc antennas. To the authors knowledge, this is the first time that such a SEM analysis has been completed for these planar circular disc ultrawideband (UWB) monopoles. Complete characterization of this nature, in both the time and complex frequency domains, is important to ensure a robust design and valid UWB performance.

Characterization of compact disc UWB monopole antennas using the Singularity Expansion Method

We propose a coupled square-shape split ring resonators metamaterial structure as a superstrate for a circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna to achieve simultaneous enhancement on its gain and bandwidth‥ The coupled square-shape split ring resonators metamaterial superstrate is shown to enhance the bandwidth by a factor of 2 and to increase the gain of the antenna by 8.17 dB compared to the conventional circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna.

Simultaneous gain and bandwidth enhancement of a circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna using a coupled square-shape split ring resonators metamaterial superstrate

In this paper, an UWB Tapered Slot Vivaldi Antenna (TSA) is presented. The proposed TSA is optimized in order to increase the bandwidth and ensure a good impedance matching at low and bandwidth frequencies while respecting the low profile. The overall size of simulated antenna is $45\times 40\times 0.8\ \text{mm}^{3}$ . This antenna is designed in order to be used in bio medical application and some other radar based microwave imaging.

An UWB Tapered Slot Vivaldi Antenna (TSA) with Improved Characterestics

Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in industrial and commercial buildings constitutes 40% of the world energy consumption. Many recent studies put more emphasize on developing efficient control strategies in order to deliver acceptable occupants' comfort while maintaining optimal energy consumption. This paper introduces a state feedback control approach for heating and air conditioning systems by optimizing set points and operation modes while providing the desired indoor environmen's quality at minimum energy consumption. Simulations have been conducted using the BCVTB framework by developing the interface that allows data exchange between EnergyPlus for building's envelope and MATLAB for integrating the proposed controller. Simulation results are reported to show the potential of the state feedback control approach for saving energy while keeping suitable occupant's comfort.

Mohamed Essaaidi

Papers

Reconfigurable T-shaped antenna for S-band applications

Characterization of compact disc UWB monopole antennas using the Singularity Expansion Method

Simultaneous gain and bandwidth enhancement of a circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna using a coupled square-shape split ring resonators metamaterial superstrate

An UWB Tapered Slot Vivaldi Antenna (TSA) with Improved Characterestics

An Energy-Efficient Approach for Controlling Heating and Air-Conditioning Systems