Framework Convention on Climate Change

Biodiesel is a renewable transportation fuel consisting of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), generally produced by transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats. In this review, the fatty acid (FA) profiles of 12 common biodiesel feedstocks were summarized. Considerable compositional variability exists across the range of feedstocks. For example, coconut, palm and tallow contain high amounts of saturated FA; while corn, rapeseed, safflower, soy, and sunflower are dominated by unsaturated FA. Much less information is available regarding the FA profiles of algal lipids that could serve as biodiesel feedstocks. However, some algal species contain considerably higher levels of poly-unsaturated FA than is typically found in vegetable oils. Differences in chemical and physical properties among biodiesel fuels can be explained largely by the fuels’ FA profiles. Two features that are especially influential are the size distribution and the degree of unsaturation within the FA structures. For the 12 biodiesel types reviewed here, it was shown that several fuel properties – including viscosity, specific gravity, cetane number, iodine value, and low temperature performance metrics – are highly correlated with the average unsaturation of the FAME profiles. Due to opposing effects of certain FAME structural features, it is not possible to define a single composition that is optimum with respect to all important fuel properties. However, to ensure satisfactory in-use performance with respect to low temperature operability and oxidative stability, biodiesel should contain relatively low concentrations of both long-chain saturated FAME and poly-unsaturated FAME.

Review of biodiesel composition, properties, and specifications

我的台灣, 看見心靈的故鄉 =2009林磐聳藝術與設計展

The smart grid concept continues to evolve and various methods have been developed to enhance the energy efficiency of the electricity infrastructure. Demand Response (DR) is considered as the most cost-effective and reliable solution for the smoothing of the demand curve, when the system is under stress. DR refers to a procedure that is applied to motivate changes in the customers' power consumption habits, in response to incentives regarding the electricity prices. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of various DR schemes and programs, based on the motivations offered to the consumers to participate in the program. We classify the proposed DR schemes according to their control mechanism, to the motivations offered to reduce the power consumption and to the DR decision variable. We also present various optimization models for the optimal control of the DR strategies that have been proposed so far. These models are also categorized, based on the target of the optimization procedure. The key aspects that should be considered in the optimization problem are the system's constraints and the computational complexity of the applied optimization algorithm.

A Survey on Demand Response Programs in Smart Grids: Pricing Methods and Optimization Algorithms

Dealing with Renewable Energy Resources (RERs) requires sophisticated planning and operation scheduling along with state of art technologies. Among many possible ways for handling RERs, Demand Response (DR) is investigated in the current review. Because of every other year modifications in DR definition and classification announced by Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), the latest DR definition and classification are scrutinized in the present work. Moreover, a complete benefit and cost assessment of DR is added in the paper. Measurement and evolution methods along with the effects of DR in electricity prices are discussed. Next comes DR literature review of the recent papers majorly published after 2008. Eventually, successful DR implementations, around the world, are analyzed.

Demand response in smart electricity grids equipped with renewable energy sources: A review

Demand response experience in Europe: Policies, programmes and implementation

Methyl esters derived from vegetable oils by the process of transesterification (commonly referred as ‘biodiesel’), can be used as an alternative fuel in compression ignition engines. In this study, three different vegetable oils (rape, soy and waste oil) were used to produce biodiesel fuels that were then tested in a four cylinder direct injection engine, typically used in small diesel genset applications. Engine performance and emissions were recorded at five load conditions and at two different speeds. This paper presents the results obtained for measurements of NOx and smoke opacity at the different speed and load conditions for the three biodiesels, and their blends (5 and 50% v/v) with mineral diesel. A simple combustion analysis was also performed where ignition delay, position and magnitude of peak cylinder pressure and heat release rate were examined to asses how the variation of chemical structure and blend percentage affects engine performance.
Engine performance and emissions for all of the 5% biodiesel blends were indistinguishable from mineral diesel. However, at higher blends, the rape fuel exhibited	better	emission	and	performance characteristics than either the soy or waste fuels. Furthermore; whilst emissions trends varied for each blend and fuel, emissions of smoke were significantly reduced at all speed and load conditions, and NOx was reduced by up to 50% at low loads. It will also be shown that while engine performance was not significantly deteriorated by biodiesel, there was evidence of increased ignition delay with higher blends, and a possible two stage ignition process where mineral diesel ignited earlier than the biodiesel.

/pdf/experimental-study-of-di-diesel-engine-performance-using-z5kod7xkqn.pdf

Experimental Study of DI Diesel Engine Performance Using Three Different Biodiesel Fuels

A New Solubility Model to Describe Biodiesel Formation Kinetics

https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/files/8755758/1_s2.0_S0920410518301396_main.pdf

Shale gas production decline trend over time in the Barnett Shale

Egypt is one of the
most vulnerable countries to climate change due to the expected detrimental
impacts on coastal zones, agriculture, water security as well as indirect
social and health impacts. Egypt is responsible for 0.57% of the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Although Egypt
is a non-annex I country not requiring any specific emission reduction or
limitation targets under the Kyoto protocol,
its National plans have included
mitigation measures to reduce its greenhouse gases. The main sectors
contributing to climate change in Egypt are energy, industry, agriculture and
waste. Waste, on the other hand, has been accumulating
in the streets of Egypt and along its water banks causing considerable air,
soil and water pollution and indirect detrimental
health impacts. However, this waste which is composed of organic
municipal waste, agricultural residues, agro-industrial waste, animal manure
and sewage sludge are valuable biomass resources. Utilizing the waste resources
of Egypt especially the biomass or the organic component of this waste will not only solve some of the pressing economic
needs of Egypt such as animal fodder, fertilizer and fuel but will also alleviate environmental burdens through decreasing
air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions in the sector of waste as well as
those of energy, industry and agriculture. This
paper quantifies the biomass resources in Egypt generated from different waste
resources. Then it demonstrates the efforts that Egypt made to contribute to
global greenhouse gas emissions reductions through the Kyoto Protocol’s clean
development mechanism (CDM). The projects
in the waste sector already established in Egypt and approved as CDM
projects are listed, which are related to waste management facilities and those
which are waste to energy projects. Finally, a list of mitigation projects as
proposed by the Egyptian government to decrease GHGs as related to the waste
sector are enumerated.

/pdf/impact-of-biomass-in-egypt-on-climate-change-po8nzh7kq3.pdf

Mohamed Hassan

Papers

Demand response experience in Europe: Policies, programmes and implementation

Experimental Study of DI Diesel Engine Performance Using Three Different Biodiesel Fuels

A New Solubility Model to Describe Biodiesel Formation Kinetics

Shale gas production decline trend over time in the Barnett Shale

Impact of biomass in Egypt on climate change