Multiferroic magnetoelectric materials, which simultaneously exhibit ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism, have recently stimulated a sharply increasing number of research activities for their scientific interest and significant technological promise in the novel multifunctional devices. Natural multiferroic single-phase compounds are rare, and their magnetoelectric responses are either relatively weak or occurs at temperatures too low for practical applications. In contrast, multiferroic composites, which incorporate both ferroelectric and ferri-/ferromagnetic phases, typically yield giant magnetoelectric coupling response above room temperature, which makes them ready for technological applications. This review of mostly recent activities begins with a brief summary of the historical perspective of the multiferroic magnetoelectric composites since its appearance in 1972. In such composites the magnetoelectric effect is generated as a product property of a magnetostrictive and a piezoelectric substance. A...

Multiferroic magnetoelectric composites: Historical perspective, status, and future directions

Dilute ferromagnetic oxides having Curie temperatures far in excess of 300 K and exceptionally large ordered moments per transition-metal cation challenge our understanding of magnetism in solids. These materials are high-k dielectrics with degenerate or thermally activated n-type semiconductivity. Conventional super-exchange or double-exchange interactions cannot produce long-range magnetic order at concentrations of magnetic cations of a few percent. We propose that ferromagnetic exchange here, and in dilute ferromagnetic nitrides, is mediated by shallow donor electrons that form bound magnetic polarons, which overlap to create a spin-split impurity band. The Curie temperature in the mean-field approximation varies as (xdelta)(1/2) where x and delta are the concentrations of magnetic cations and donors, respectively. High Curie temperatures arise only when empty minority-spin or majority-spin d states lie at the Fermi level in the impurity band. The magnetic phase diagram includes regions of semiconducting and metallic ferromagnetism, cluster paramagnetism, spin glass and canted antiferromagnetism.

Donor impurity band exchange in dilute ferromagnetic oxides.

介绍了Kirk—Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology（化工技术百科全书）（第五版）电子图书网络版数据库，并对该数据库使用方法和检索途径作出了说明，且结合实例简单地介绍了该数据库的检索方法。

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology数据库介绍及实例

In this chapter, we will restrict our attention to the ferrites and a few other closely related materials. The great interest in ferrites stems from their unique combination of a spontaneous magnetization and a high electrical resistivity. The observed magnetization results from the difference in the magnetizations of two non-equivalent sub-lattices of the magnetic ions in the crystal structure. Materials of this type should strictly be designated as “ferrimagnetic” and in some respects are more closely related to anti-ferromagnetic substances than they are to ferromagnetics in which the magnetization results from the parallel alignment of all the magnetic moments present. We shall not adhere to this special nomenclature except to emphasize effects, which are due to the existence of the sub-lattices.

Ferromagnetic materials

This work presents a systematic study of the ratio between the integrated intensities of the disorder-induced D and G Raman bands (ID∕IG) in nanographite samples with different crystallite sizes (La) and using different excitation laser energies. The crystallite size La of the nanographite samples was obtained both by x-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation and directly from scanning tunneling microscopy images. A general equation for the determination of La using any laser energy in the visible range is obtained. Moreover, it is shown that ID∕IG is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the laser energy used in the experiment.

General equation for the determination of the crystallite size La of nanographite by Raman spectroscopy

Temperature variations of the electron magnetic resonance (EMR) spectra and magnetization measurements are used to show that Ce3+ ions in concentration ≃18% are present in 3 nm CeO2 nanoparticles supported on silica aerogel. It is argued that the presence of Ce3+ implies the defect structure CeO2-x for ceria nanoparticles due to oxygen vacancies. This transformation of Ce4+ to Ce3+ driven by oxygen vacancies may be the key to understanding the catalytic properties of ceria.

Concentration of Ce3+ and Oxygen Vacancies in Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles

Bulk to nanoscale magnetism and exchange bias in CuO nanoparticles

The coexistence of the magnetic and the electrical properties in lanthanum (La)-modified bismuth ferrite (Bi1−xLaxFeO3, x=0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) ceramics was studied and compared with those of bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3). The presence of a small secondary phase of BiFeO3 (arises due to excess Bi2O3) was removed on La substitution at the Bi site, as observed in x-ray diffraction (XRD). The effect of La substitution on dielectric constant, loss tangent, and remnant polarization of the samples was studied in a wide range of temperature (77–400K) and frequency (1kHz–1MHz). The variation of magnetization, coercive field, and exchange bias with temperature (2–300K) and La concentration were investigated. These changes in the magnetic parameters with La doping along with those of the electron magnetic resonance parameters measured at 300K and 9.28GHz are understood in terms of increase in the magnetic anisotropy and magnetization. These results also show that stabilization of crystal structure and nonuniformity ...

Structural and multiferroic properties of La-modified BiFeO3 ceramics

We have investigated Co-doped TiO2 thin films grown by reactive co-sputtering. X-ray diffraction showed a single phase polycrystalline rutile structure, without any segregation of Co into particulates within the instrumental resolution limit. The atomic content of Co ranged from 1% to 12%. The temperature dependence of resistivity showed an extrinsic semiconducting behavior. From optical absorption measurements, the band gap Eg≈3.25±0.05 eV was found, independent of the Co concentration, and in agreement with a literature value. Room temperature M-H loops showed a ferromagnetic behavior for Co content higher than 3%. The magnetic moment per Co atom was estimated to be about 0.94 μB, suggesting a low spin configuration of Co ions. The temperature dependence of remanent magnetization revealed a Curie temperature higher than 400 K for Co content of 12%.

Semiconducting and ferromagnetic behavior of sputtered Co-doped TiO2 thin films above room temperature

A comparative study of the magnetic and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) parameters of bulk and Co3O4 nanoparticles (NP), synthesized by a sol–gel process, is presented. Both samples possess the cubic phase with a slightly lower (by 0.34%) lattice parameter for the Co3O4 NP. The average crystallite size D = 17 nm determined by x-ray diffraction (XRD) for the Co3O4 NP is quite consistent with the electron microscopic observations. The bulk Co3O4 has particle size in the 1–2 µm range. A Neel temperature of TN = 30 K (lower than the 40 K usually quoted in the literature) is determined from the analysis of the magnetic susceptibility versus temperature data for bulk Co3O4. This TN = 30 K is in excellent agreement with the TN = 29.92 K reported from specific heat measurements. The Co3O4 NP powder exhibits a still lower TN = 26 K, possibly due to the associated finite size effects. The values of coercivity, Hc = 250 Oe, and exchange bias, He = −350 Oe, together with the training effect have been observed in the Co3O4 NP sample (cooled in 20 kOe). Both Hc and He approach zero as . For T>TN, the χ versus T data for both samples fit the modified Curie–Weiss law (χ = χ0+C/(T+θ)). The magnitudes of C, θ and TN are used to determine the following: exchange constants J1ex = 11.7 K, J2ex = 2.3 K, and magnetic moment per Co2+ ion μ = 4.27 μB for bulk Co3O4; and J1ex = 11.5 K, J2ex = 2.3 K and μ = 4.09 μB for Co3O4 NP. EPR yields a single Lorentzian line near g = 2.18 in both samples but with a linewidth ΔH that is larger for the Co3O4 NP. Details of the temperature dependence of ΔH, line intensity I0, and disappearance of the EPR on approach to TN are different for the two samples. These effects are discussed in terms of spin–phonon interaction and additional surface anisotropy present in Co3O4 NP.

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Mohindar S. Seehra

Papers

Concentration of Ce3+ and Oxygen Vacancies in Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles

Bulk to nanoscale magnetism and exchange bias in CuO nanoparticles

Structural and multiferroic properties of La-modified BiFeO3 ceramics

Semiconducting and ferromagnetic behavior of sputtered Co-doped TiO2 thin films above room temperature

A comparative study of the magnetic properties of bulk and nanocrystalline Co3O4