Effect of Sr@ZnO nanoparticles and Ricinus communis biodiesel-diesel fuel blends on modified CRDI diesel engine characteristics

Comparative study of nanoparticles and alcoholic fuel additives-biodiesel-diesel blend for performance and emission improvements

Heterogeneous combustion in a diesel engine is noisier, uncontrolled and more polluting. This can be achieved with a strategic approach of a reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) mode engine that operates with low and high reactive fuel combinations. In the present work, a diesel engine is operated in RCCI mode with gaseous fuels viz. CNG as a primary fuel and a blend of diesel and Karanja biodiesel (BD20) as pilot fuel. This research aims to determine the operating limits of CNG fuel for less noisy combustion and clean exhaust. Further, relative air-fuel ratio (λ), cycle to cycle variations, combustion noise and emissions were studied for full load operation. The CRDI engine is optimized for diesel operation with a split injection strategy. The knock limits for CNG as the primary fuel are obtained. The combustion noise increases at a higher energy share by CNG. Also, higher values of HC and CO emissions are observed. This may be due to higher energy share values, flame speed and octane number of CNG fuel. Further, NOx emissions and smoke are decreased. The CNG induction of 10 ms with 90% ES can be noted as a knock limit for 3.5 kW power. The highest BTHE of 24.2% and least BSFC 0.3 kg/kWhr reported by 60%ES of LRF is better than diesel and KBD20 fuel. An optimum 60% energy share of CNG is observed for clean combustion and emissions strategy using the RCCI mode of a modified diesel engine.

Clean combustion and emissions strategy using reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) mode engine powered with CNG-Karanja biodiesel

This study deals with an experimental investigation to assess the characteristics of a modified common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine utilizing diesel, Mahua biodiesel, and their blends with synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) nano additives. The physicochemical properties of diesel, diesel + 30 ppm ZnO nanoparticles (D10030), 20% Mahua biodiesel (MOME20), and Mahua biodiesel (20%) + 30 ppm ZnO nanoparticles (MOME2030) were measured in accordance to the American Society for Testing and Materials standards. The effects of modification of fuel injectors (FI) holes (7-hole FI) and toroidal reentrant combustion chamber (TRCC) piston bowl design on the performance of CRDI using different fuel blends were assessed. For injection timings (IT) and injection opening pressure (IOP) average increase in brake thermal efficiency for fuel blend D10030 and MOME2030 was 9.65% and 16.4%, and 8.83% and 5.06%, respectively. Also, for IT and IOP, the average reductions in brake specific fuel consumption, smoke, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions for D10030 and MOME2030 were 10.9% and 7.7%, 18.2% and 8.6%, 12.6% and 11.5%, 8.74% and 13.1%, and 5.75% and 7.79%, respectively and 15.5% and 5.06%, 20.33% and 6.20%, 11.12% and 24.8%, 18.32% and 6.29%, and 1.79% and 6.89%, respectively for 7-hole fuel injector and TRCC. The cylinder pressure and heat release rate for D10030 and MOME2030 were enhanced by 6.8% and 17.1%, and 7.35% and 12.28%. The 7-hole fuel injector with the nano fuel blends at an injection timing and pressure of 10° btdc and 900 bar demonstrated the overall improvement of the engine characteristics due to the better air quality for fuel mixing. Similarly, the TRCC cylinder bowl geometry illustrated advanced ignition due to an improved swirl and turbulence. Also, the engine test results demonstrated that 30 ppm of ZnO nanoparticles in Mahua biodiesel (MOME2030) and diesel (D10030) with diethyl ether resulted overall enhancement of CRDI engine characteristics.

/pdf/study-of-diesel-engine-characteristics-by-adding-nanosized-xaau1l3ry8.pdf

Study of diesel engine characteristics by adding nanosized zinc oxide and diethyl ether additives in Mahua biodiesel–diesel fuel blend

In the present work, a series of experiments were designed and conducted to prepare biodiesel from cottonseed oil and to blend it with octanol.
The thermal and mass transfer characteristics of the biodiesel were further improved by adding functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs).
The performance of the engine with the blended fuel was analyzed through characterization and measurement of the gas emissions from the engine. Four blends of cottonseed oil (B20, B40, B60, and B100) were prepared initially, and each blend was added with octanol additive of 5%, 10%, and 15% together with 3% of functionalized MWCNTs by mass. The performance analysis showed that B20 with 5%, 10%, and 15% octanol represented relatively lower brake specific fuel consumption relative to all test fuels. Likewise, the addition of MWCNT nanoparticle further stabilized the rate of fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency. It was also identified that at larger values of diesel and biodiesel blends, the performance and also the quantity of gas emission were the same.

/pdf/investigation-on-the-effect-of-cottonseed-oil-blended-with-30m26l50if.pdf

Investigation on the effect of cottonseed oil blended with different percentages of octanol and suspended MWCNT nanoparticles on diesel engine characteristics

The present investigation uses a blend of Nigella sativa biodiesel, diesel, n-butanol, and graphene oxide nanoparticles to enhance the performance, combustion and symmetric characteristics and to reduce the emissions from the diesel engine of a modified common rail direct injection (CRDI). A symmetric toroidal-type combustion chamber and a six-hole solenoid fuel injector were used in the current investigation. The research aimed to study the effect of two fuel additives, n-butanol and synthesized asymmetric graphene oxide nanoparticles, in improving the fuel properties of Nigella sativa biodiesel (NSME25). The concentration of n-butanol (10%) was kept constant, and asymmetric graphene oxide nano-additive and sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) surfactant were added to n-butanol and NSME25 in the form of nanofluid in varying proportions. The nanofluids were prepared using a probe sonication process to prevent nanoparticles from agglomerating in the base fluid. The process was repeated for biodiesel, n-butanol and nanofluid, and four different stable and symmetric nanofuel mixtures were prepared by varying the graphene oxide (30, 60, 90 and 120 ppm). The nanofuel blend NSME25B10GO90 displayed an enhancement in the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and a reduction in brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) at maximum load due to high catalytic activity and the enhanced microexplosion phenomenon developed by graphene oxide nanoparticles. The heat release rate (HRR), in-cylinder temperature increased, while exhaust gas temperature (EGT) decreased. Smoke, hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions also fell, in a trade-off with marginally increased NOx, for all nanofuel blends, compared with Nigella sativa biodiesel. The results obtained indicates that 90 ppm of graphene oxide nanoparticles and 10% n-butanol in Nigella sativa biodiesel are comparable with diesel fuel.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/6/961/pdf

Effect of nano-graphene oxide and n-butanol fuel additives blended with diesel-Nigella sativa biodiesel fuel emulsion on diesel engine characteristics

The present investigation is directed towards synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and steady blending with soybean biodiesel (SBME25) to improve the fuel properties of SBME25 and enhance the overall characteristics of a variable compression ratio diesel engine The soybean biodiesel (SBME) was prepared using the transesterification reaction Numerous characterization tests were carried out to ascertain the shape and size of zinc oxide nanoparticles The synthesized asymmetric ZnO nanoparticles were dispersed in SBME25 at three dosage levels (25, 50, and 75 ppm) with sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) surfactant using the ultrasonication process The quantified physicochemical properties of all the fuels blends were in symmetry with the American society for testing and materials (ASTM) standards Nanofuel blends demonstrated enhanced fuel properties compared with SBME25 The engine was operated at two different compression ratios (185 and 215) and a comparison was made, and best fuel blend and compression ratio (CR) were selected Fuel blend SBME25ZnO50 and compression ratio (CR) of 215 illustrated an overall enhancement in engine characteristics For SBME25ZnO50 and CR 215 fuel blend, brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased by 232%, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were reduced by 2666%, and hydrocarbon (HC), CO, smoke, and CO2 emissions were reduced by 32234%, 2821% 2255% and 2166%, respectively; in addition, the heat release rate (HRR) and mean gas temperature (MGT) improved, and ignition delay (ID) was reduced In contrast, the NOx emissions increased for all the nanofuel blends due to greater supply of oxygen and increase in the temperature of the combustion chamber At a CR of 185, a similar trend was observed, while the values of engine characteristics were lower compared with CR of 215 The properties of nanofuel blend SBME25ZnO50 were in symmetry and comparable to the diesel fuel

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/6/1042/pdf

Effect of Zinc Oxide Nano-Additives and Soybean Biodiesel at Varying Loads and Compression Ratios on VCR Diesel Engine Characteristics

The time–fractional reaction–diffusion (TFRD) model has broad physical perspectives and theoretical interpretation, and its numerical techniques are of significant conceptual and applied importance. A numerical technique is constructed for the solution of the TFRD model with the non-singular kernel. The Caputo–Fabrizio operator is applied for the discretization of time levels while the extended cubic B-spline (ECBS) function is applied for the space direction. The ECBS function preserves geometrical invariability, convex hull and symmetry property. Unconditional stability and convergence analysis are also proved. The projected numerical method is tested on two numerical examples. The theoretical and numerical results demonstrate that the order of convergence of 2 in time and space directions.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/10/1653/pdf

A Numerical Approach of a Time Fractional Reaction–Diffusion Model with a Non-Singular Kernel

Slaughterhouse waste is considered to be an emerging issue because of its disposal cost. As an alternative, it would be a great prospect for the bioeconomy society to explore new usages of these leftover materials. As per food safety rules mentioned by EU legislation, all bone waste generated by slaughterhouses ought to be disposed of by rendering. The huge quantity of worldwide bone waste generation (130 billion kilograms per annum) is an environmental burden if not properly managed. The waste animal bones can be efficiently employed as a heterogeneous catalyst to produce biodiesel. This mini review summarized the recent literature reported for biodiesel generation using waste animal bones derived heterogeneous catalyst. It discusses the sources of bone waste, catalyst preparation methods, particularly calcination and its effects, and important characteristics of bones derived catalyst. It suggests that catalysts extracted from waste animal bones have suitable catalytic activity in transesterification of different oil sources to generate a good quality biodiesel.

Waste Animal Bones as Catalysts for Biodiesel Production; A Mini Review

/pdf/a-numerical-study-on-time-fractional-fisher-equation-using-27vftmh7v4.pdf

Muhammad Abbas

Papers

Effect of nano-graphene oxide and n-butanol fuel additives blended with diesel-Nigella sativa biodiesel fuel emulsion on diesel engine characteristics

Effect of Zinc Oxide Nano-Additives and Soybean Biodiesel at Varying Loads and Compression Ratios on VCR Diesel Engine Characteristics

A Numerical Approach of a Time Fractional Reaction–Diffusion Model with a Non-Singular Kernel

Waste Animal Bones as Catalysts for Biodiesel Production; A Mini Review

A numerical study on time fractional Fisher equation using an extended cubic B-spline approximation