https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanres/PIIS2213-2600%2815%2900063-6.pdf

Tuberculosis treatment and management—an update on treatment regimens, trials, new drugs, and adjunct therapies

A review on epidemiology, global prevalence and economical losses of fasciolosis in ruminants.

Deltamethrin and cypermethrin resistance status of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from six agro-climatic regions of India.

The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence and associated determinants (e.g., sex, age, on-farm management and husbandry) of gastrointestinal (GI) helminths in the domestic animals of district Toba Tek Singh, Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, 1,140 cattle, 1,140 buffaloes, 660 goats, 840 sheep, and 156 camels were randomly selected and their fecal samples were screened every other week for a year using a modified floatation technique. The samples positive for strongyle-type eggs had the parasite species identified using coproculture. It was found that the prevalence of GI helminths was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in sheep (44.17%; 371/840) than in other livestock. Sheep were followed in order by goats (40.15%; 265/660), buffaloes (39.82%; 454/1,140), and cattle (33.68%; 384/1,140). The important helminth species identified were Fasciola (F.) gigantica, Fasciola hepatica, Haemonchus contortus, Toxocara vitulorum, Trichostrongylus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Ostertagia spp., Cooperia spp., Strongyloides spp., Moniezia spp., and Trichuris spp. The prevalence of GI helminths except F. hepatica and F. gigantica was significantly higher in grazing animals, females (P < 0.05) and young (P < 0.05) of all the host species when compared with stall-fed animals, males and adults, respectively. Using ponds and rivers/canals as drinking water were found to have significant influence (P < 0.05) on the prevalence of GI helminths. The results provide a baseline data for planning future research and control strategies against GI helminthes.

Gastrointestinal helminthiasis: prevalence and associated determinants in domestic ruminants of district Toba Tek Singh, Punjab, Pakistan.

Epidemiology and impact of Fasciola hepatica exposure in high-yielding dairy herds.

Bovine fasciolosis: Prevalence, effects of treatment on productivity and cost benefit analysis in five districts of Punjab, Pakistan

The objective of this study was to estimate economic losses in terms of milk production caused by tick infestation in dairy buffaloes (Bos bubalus bubalis) of Punjab (Pakistan). To this end, six hundred Nili-Ravi buffaloes infested with Hyalomma ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) were selected and divided into two equal groups viz; A & B. The animals of group A were treated with various doses of 5% cypermethrine pour-on (Cipermetriven, Ivan Labs, Spain) while those of group B were treated with propylene glycol (Propandiol - (1, 2), Merck) as a sham treatment. Average milk production (L) and butter fat (%) was recorded before and after treatment in order to calculate post-treatment increase in these parameters (if any). An average daily increase of 1.15L in milk yield per animal with 1.31% more fat was observed in acaricide- treated animals. A dose-dependent effect of acaricide was found on the number of ticks as well as milk production and fat. The results provided a baseline data for further research on economic impact of tick nuisance to the smallholder dairy farming systems of Pakistan.

Effect of Hyalomma Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on Milk Production of Dairy Buffaloes (Bos Bubalus Bubalis) of Punjab (Pakistan)

Effect of ivermectin on the cellular and humoral immune responses of rabbits

The objective of the current research project was to document the prevalent helminths of dairy animals of Nestle milk collection areas of Punjab (Pakistan). For this purpose, seven high milk-producing areas of Punjab province including Farooqa, Kot Adu, Dunya Pur, Layyah, Mor Mandi, Shorkot and Jalapur were selected. The animals were randomly selected and screened for parasitic eggs through standard coprological examination procedures. The helminth species found prevalent in the study areas included; Ascaris vitulorum, Fasciola hepatica, Haemonchus contortus, Bunostomum phlebotomum, Ostertagia circumcinta, Oesophagostomum radiatum, and Trichostrongylus spp. The possible determinants associated with the prevalence of these parasites were also studied in this project. The results of this study provided a basic epidemiological data for planning a wide scaled helminth control program in the above-mentioned high producing areas of Pakistan.

Prevalence of Helminth Infections in Dairy Animals of Nestle Milk Collection Areas of Punjab (Pakistan)

This paper describes absorption, metabolism, excretion and availability of phosphorus in ruminants. Phosphorus is an important constituent of various body parts of animals. Deficiency of phosphorus has been reported at global level leading to disorders of skeletal, muscular and nervous systems, decreased efficiency in terms of reproduction and milk production and intravascular hemolysis. Salivary glands having a higher concentration of P compared with the blood plasma play an important role in P homeostasis. Recycling of P is stimulated by parathyroid hormone. Phosphorus may be absorbed from the small intestine via a vitamin D dependent active transport system and/ or passive absorption system. Livestock forages contain an organic form of P (phytate) which must by hydrolyzed to make P available to be absorbed. Absorption of P depends upon its solubility, pH, concentration of available P, forage source, plasma level of Ca, age of animal and genetics. Major route of excretion of P is feces. However, when dietry P is in excess, urinary P excretion is increased. Availability of minerals varies from soil to plansts. In Pakistan, marginal to severe deficiency of P has been documented in Sahiwal and Okara. Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) has been found notoriously low in phosphorus. To improve the P contents in roughages, superjuice prepared from superphosphate appears the cheapest source of P for livestock feeding in Pakistan.

Muhammad Umair Iqbal

Papers

Bovine fasciolosis: Prevalence, effects of treatment on productivity and cost benefit analysis in five districts of Punjab, Pakistan

Effect of Hyalomma Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on Milk Production of Dairy Buffaloes (Bos Bubalus Bubalis) of Punjab (Pakistan)

Effect of ivermectin on the cellular and humoral immune responses of rabbits

Prevalence of Helminth Infections in Dairy Animals of Nestle Milk Collection Areas of Punjab (Pakistan)

Review Absorption, Availability, Metabolism and Excretion of Phosphorus in Ruminants