Ultrasound (US)-triggered sonodynamic therapy (SDT), as a promising noninvasive therapeutic modality, has received ever-increasing attention in recent years. Its specialized chemical agents, named sonosensitizers, are activated by low-intensity US to produce lethal reactive oxygen species (ROS) for oncotherapy. Compared with phototherapeutic strategies, SDT provides many noteworthy opportunities and benefits, such as deeper penetration depth, absence of phototoxicity, and fewer side effects. Nevertheless, previous studies have also demonstrated its intrinsic limitations. Thanks to the facile engineering nature of nanotechnology, numerous novel nanoplatforms are being applied in this emerging field to tackle these intrinsic barriers and achieve continuous innovations. In particular, the combination of SDT with other treatment strategies has demonstrated a superior efficacy in improving anticancer activity relative to that of monotherapies alone. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the nanomaterial-assisted combinational sonodynamic cancer therapy applications. Herein, the design principles in achieving synergistic therapeutic effects based on nanomaterial engineering methods are highlighted. The ultimate goals are to stimulate the design of better-quality combined sonodynamic treatment schemes and provide innovative ideas for the perspectives of SDT in promoting its future transformation to clinical application.

Recent Advances in Nanomaterial-Assisted Combinational Sonodynamic Cancer Therapy.

Enhanced photodynamic therapy for overcoming tumor hypoxia: From microenvironment regulation to photosensitizer innovation

Advancements in polymer science and engineering have helped the scientific community to shift its attention towards the use of environmentally benign materials for reducing the environmental impact of conventional synthetic plastics. Biopolymers are environmentally benign, chemically versatile, sustainable, biocompatible, biodegradable, inherently functional, and ecofriendly materials that exhibit tremendous potential for a wide range of applications including food, electronics, agriculture, textile, biomedical, and cosmetics. This review also inspires the researchers toward more consumption of biopolymer-based composite materials as an alternative to synthetic composite materials. Herein, an overview of the latest knowledge of different natural- and synthetic-based biodegradable polymers and their fiber-reinforced composites is presented. The review discusses different degradation mechanisms of biopolymer-based composites as well as their sustainability aspects. This review also elucidates current challenges, future opportunities, and emerging applications of biopolymeric sustainable composites in numerous engineering fields. Finally, this review proposes biopolymeric sustainable materials as a propitious solution to the contemporary environmental crisis. • Use of biopolymers has emerged as a new paradigm of the ecological conservation. • Biopolymeric composites are easily degraded under the possible source of degraded environment. • Biopolymers have found their applications in biomedical, food, electronics, cosmetics and other emerging fields. • Further understanding on their mode of action through this comprehensive review will imparts knowledge. 

Biopolymeric Sustainable Materials and their Emerging Applications

Smart transformable nanomedicines for cancer therapy.

Promoted understanding of nanostructures and their functions significantly rely on rapid progress of nanotechnology within a few decades. It would be a fruitful way to consider materials science through regulation of nanostructure regulations on the basis of nanotechnological accomplishments. As a post-nanotechnology concept, a new concept of nanoarchitectonics has recently emerged as a methodology to produce functional materials from nanoscale units. In this review article, we discuss the recent advances of materials nanoarchitectonics and related approaches from atom-scales to living cell sizes. The approaches on multiscale nanoarchitectonics are exemplified and discussed including atom and molecules nanoarchitectonics, supramolecular nanoarchitectonics, and nanoarchitectonics at cell-scale. Next, supracell-level nanoarchitectonics is discussed including living cell organization at designed surfaces, cell sheets and layered nanoarchitectonics, three-dimensional cell nanoarchitectonics, biofilms and bioinks, and new challenges for living cells at liquid interface. All the materials are formed with fundamental units, atoms, molecules, and nanomaterials, and therefore, the nanoarchitectonics approaches from basic units to materials can be hypothetically applied to any kind of material. Therefore, nanoarchitectonics could be a method for everything in materials science as an analogy to a theory of everything in physics. 

Materials Nanoarchitectonics from Atom to Living Cell: A Method for Everything

Advanced nanotechnology has been emerging rapidly in terms of novel hybrid nanomaterials that have found various applications in day-to-day life for the betterment of the public. Specifically, gold, iron, silica, hydroxy apatite, and layered double hydroxide based nanohybrids have shown tremendous progress in biomedical applications, including bio-imaging, therapeutic delivery and photothermal/dynamic therapy. Moreover, recent progress in up-conversion nanohybrid materials is also notable because they have excellent NIR imaging capability along with therapeutic benefits which would be useful for treating deep-rooted tumor tissues. Our present review highlights recent developments in inorganic–inorganic nanohybrids, and their applications in bio-imaging, drug delivery, and photo-therapy. In addition, their future scope is also discussed in detail.

/pdf/inorganic-inorganic-nanohybrids-for-drug-delivery-imaging-1iy99m95eq.pdf

Inorganic-inorganic nanohybrids for drug delivery, imaging and photo-therapy: recent developments and future scope.

Recent trends in nano photo-chemo therapy approaches and future scopes

Niclosamide (NIC), a conventional anthelmintic agent, is emerging as a repurposed drug for COVID-19 treatment. However, the clinical efficacy is very limited due to its low oral bioavailability resulting from its poor aqueous solubility. In the present study, a new hybrid drug delivery system made of NIC, montmorillonite (MMT), and Tween 60 is proposed to overcome this obstacle. At first, NIC molecules were immobilized into the interlayer space of cationic clay, MMT, to form NIC-MMT hybrids, which could enhance the solubility of NIC, and then the polymer surfactant, Tween 60, was further coated on the external surface of NIC-MMT to improve the release rate and the solubility of NIC and eventually the bioavailability under gastrointestinal condition when orally administered. Finally, we have performed an in vivo pharmacokinetic study to compare the oral bioavailability of NIC for the Tween 60-coated NIC-MMT hybrid with Yomesan®, which is a commercially available NIC. Exceptionally, the Tween 60-coated NIC-MMT hybrid showed higher systemic exposure of NIC than Yomesan®. Therefore, the present NIC-MMT-Tween 60 hybrid can be a potent NIC drug formulation with enhanced solubility and bioavailability in vivo for treating Covid-19.

/pdf/niclosamide-clay-intercalate-coated-with-nonionic-polymer-2e1mhppum6.pdf

Niclosamide-Clay Intercalate Coated with Nonionic Polymer for Enhanced Bioavailability toward COVID-19 Treatment.

Semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPN) have been emerging as novel functional nano materials for phototherapy which includes PTT (photo-thermal therapy), PDT (photodynamic therapy), and their combination. Therefore, it is important to look into their recent developments and further explorations specifically in cancer treatment. Therefore, the present review describes novel semiconducting polymers at the nanoscale, along with their applications and limitations with a specific emphasis on future perspectives. Special focus is given on emerging and trending semiconducting polymeric nanoparticles in this review based on the research findings that have been published mostly within the last five years.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/6/981/pdf

N. Sanoj Rejinold

Papers

Inorganic-inorganic nanohybrids for drug delivery, imaging and photo-therapy: recent developments and future scope.

Recent trends in nano photo-chemo therapy approaches and future scopes

Niclosamide-Clay Intercalate Coated with Nonionic Polymer for Enhanced Bioavailability toward COVID-19 Treatment.

Recent Developments on Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles as Smart Photo-Therapeutic Agents for Cancer Treatments-A Review.

Niclosamide encapsulated in mesoporous silica and geopolymer: A potential oral formulation for COVID-19.