Micromachining technology was used to prepare chemical analysis systems on glass chips (1 centimeter by 2 centimeters or larger) that utilize electroosmotic pumping to drive fluid flow and electrophoretic separation to distinguish sample components. Capillaries 1 to 10 centimeters long etched in the glass (cross section, 10 micrometers by 30 micrometers) allow for capillary electrophoresis-based separations of amino acids with up to 75,000 theoretical plates in about 15 seconds, and separations of about 600 plates can be effected within 4 seconds. Sample treatment steps within a manifold of intersecting capillaries were demonstrated for a simple sample dilution process. Manipulation of the applied voltages controlled the directions of fluid flow within the manifold. The principles demonstrated in this study can be used to develop a miniaturized system for sample handling and separation with no moving parts.

Micromachining a miniaturized capillary electrophoresis-based chemical analysis system on a chip

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/638974.pdf

Characteristics and adsorption capacities of low-cost sorbents for wastewater treatment: A review

Biomass is considered to have potential to be used as an alternative energy source. High carbon content present in biomass converts it into high energy biochar on thermochemical treatment. Among few well established thermochemical technologies for the treatment of biomass and biogenic waste to produce high energy char along with oil and gaseous yield, pyrolysis is the most studied and discussed technique in the recent past. A comparison between the existing techniques is established in the present work. Production of char from the biomass and biogenic wastes is reviewed and it was found that yield of the biochar depends upon the biomass composition like moisture content and presence of cellulose or lignin. Pyrolysis product distribution and their quality strongly depend upon the process parameters. Different biomasses which can be used as raw material in pyrolysis are also reviewed and categorized depending upon their source. Pyrolysis process parameters such as temperature, heating rate, residence time etc. also influence the biochar yield. This study discusses the effect of these process parameters on the production of biochar through pyrolysis of biomass.

Effect of process parameters on production of biochar from biomass waste through pyrolysis: A review

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has gained remarkable acceptance as a visible-light-driven photocatalyst with a distinctive 2D structure and great stability. Owing to its superior features, g-C3N4 has been engaged in various scientific activities for environmental pollution abatement, production and storage of energy, and gas sensors. However, the visible-light efficiency of pure g-C3N4 is very poor and its separation from the phototreated systems is difficult. The most promising method to improve the photocatalytic activity and facilitate separation process is to introduce a magnetic compound over the g-C3N4 sheets. This review has mainly focused on the recent advancement in fabrication, characterization and application of magnetic g-C3N4-based nanocomposites. Accordingly, four primary g-C3N4-based nanocomposites are discussed based on the type of integrated magnetic material. The effects on the structure, physico-chemical properties, photocatalytic activity towards degradation of pollutants, hydrogen generation, solid phase extraction, lithium-ion batteries, gas sensors, and supercapacitors are also discussed in detail.

Review on magnetically separable graphitic carbon nitride-based nanocomposites as promising visible-light-driven photocatalysts

Among the most challenging problems that human beings appear to face are depleting energy sources and increasing environmental pollutions. Heterogeneous photocatalytic processes are the most reward...

Magnetically separable nanocomposites based on ZnO and their applications in photocatalytic processes: A review

In this study, the stabilized landfill leachate which has a BOD : COD ratio of 0.045 was treated using Fenton's process. The effect of process parameters like reaction time, pH, dose of FeSO4 and dose of H2O2 was estimated using One Factor At a Time (OFAT) and the linear, interactive and quadratic effects between the factors were studied using Face Centered Central Composite Design (CCF). In the OFAT approach, reaction time: 5 minutes, pH: 3.0, dose of FeSO4: 30 mM, and dose of H2O2: 30 mM were optimized. In CCF, the statistically optimized model shows maximum removal of organic substances at an FeSO4 concentration of 14.44 mM, pH 3.0 and 29.12 mM of H2O2. The regression co-efficient R2 = 0.9079, adj R2 = 0.854 and adequate precision = 14.676. The degradation of organic substances was assessed by measuring the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) were investigated for the sample corresponding to the maximum COD reduction.

/pdf/oxidative-removal-of-stabilized-landfill-leachate-by-fenton-5ds9shzrk8.pdf

Oxidative removal of stabilized landfill leachate by Fenton's process: process modeling, optimization & analysis of degraded products

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2053-1591/ab2141/pdf

Enhanced Pb (II) ions removal by using magnetic NiO/Biochar composite

In the present scenario, petroleum sourced fuel consumption is unsustainable; therefore, there is a high demand for the development of renewable transport fuels for environmental and economic sustainability. Microalgal fuel, with the significant feature of being carbon neutral, serves as one of the potent tools for tackling the fuel crisis. Enormous researches have been explored using fresh water species on biodiesel production; nevertheless, marine species are still in a grey area, even though reported to have higher lipid content. The current review focuses on a wide spectrum of marine microalgal sources with phycology under the criteria of open pond systems for algal oil production. The discussion on the lipid expression in the marine species have been critically analysed through the vital parameters such as solar irradiation, temperature, pH, nutrient pressure, agitation, CO2 supply, culture depth, aeration, etc. The parameters are interdependent and, if scrutinized wisely, could result in enhanced lipid productivity. Therefore, the open pond culture of marine microalgae with top prioritized parameters such as nitrogen stress, pH, and light penetration will be a suitable combination for the efficient and effective biodiesel production.

Marine microalgal culturing in open pond systems for biodiesel production—Critical parameters

Chromium(VI) was removed from aqueous solution using sulfuric- and phosphoric-acid-activated Strychnine tree fruit shells (SSTFS and PSTFS) as biosorbents Effects of various parameters such as ads

N. Selvaraju

Papers

Oxidative removal of stabilized landfill leachate by Fenton's process: process modeling, optimization & analysis of degraded products

Enhanced Pb (II) ions removal by using magnetic NiO/Biochar composite

Marine microalgal culturing in open pond systems for biodiesel production—Critical parameters

Biosorption of chromium(VI) in aqueous solutions by chemically modified Strychnine tree fruit shell.

The discrete-time MAP/PH/1 queue with multiple working vacations