There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/197439/1207.0203v1.pdf

Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions

This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. This paper starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. Compared to other survey papers in the field, our objective is to provide a more thorough summary of the most relevant protocols and application issues to enable researchers and application developers to get up to speed quickly on how the different protocols fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go through RFCs and the standards specifications. We also provide an overview of some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature and provide a summary of related research work. Moreover, we explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies including big data analytics and cloud and fog computing. We also present the need for better horizontal integration among IoT services. Finally, we present detailed service use-cases to illustrate how the different protocols presented in the paper fit together to deliver desired IoT services.

Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications

As the term “smart city” gains wider and wider currency, there is still confusion about what a smart city is, especially since several similar terms are often used interchangeably. This paper aims to clarify the meaning of the word “smart” in the context of cities through an approach based on an in-depth literature review of relevant studies as well as official documents of international institutions. It also identifies the main dimensions and elements characterizing a smart city. The different metrics of urban smartness are reviewed to show the need for a shared definition of what constitutes a smart city, what are its features, and how it performs in comparison to traditional cities. Furthermore, performance measures and initiatives in a few smart cities are identified.

Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives

http://wpage.unina.it/valerio.persico/pubs/CloudIoT_FGCS.pdf

Integration of Cloud computing and Internet of Things

RFID Middleware : Concepts and Architecture

In the next years, wireless sensor networks are expected to be more and more widely deployed. In order to increase their performance without increasing nodes’ density, a solution is to add some actuators that have the ability to move. However, even actuators rely on batteries that are not expected to be replaced. In this paper, we introduce MEGAN (Mobility assisted Energy efficient Georouting in energy harvesting Actuator and sensor Networks), a beacon-less protocol that uses controlled mobility, and takes account of the energy consumption and the energy harvesting to select next hop. MEGAN aims at prolonging the overall network lifetime rather than reducing the energy consumption over a single path. When node s needs to send a message to the sink d, it first computes the “ideal” position of the forwarder node based on available and needed energy, and then broadcasts this data. Every node within the transmission range of s in the forward direction toward d will start a backoff timer. The backoff time is based on its available energy and on its distance from the ideal position. The first node whose backoff timer goes off is the forwarder node. This node informs its neighborhood and then moves toward the ideal position. If, on its route, it finds a good spot for energy harvesting, it will actually stop its movement and forward the original message by using MEGAN, which will run on all the intermediate nodes until the destination is reached. Simulations show that MEGAN reduces energy consumption up to 50% compared to algorithms where mobility and harvesting capabilities are not exploited.

/pdf/beacon-less-mobility-assisted-energy-efficient-georouting-in-ijmnjlteht.pdf

Beacon-Less Mobility Assisted Energy Efficient Georouting in Energy Harvesting Actuator and Sensor Networks

A substitution network is a temporary network that self-deploys to dynamically 
replace a portion of a damaged infrastructure by means of a fleet of mobile 
routers. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of a previous 
self-deployment scheme, adaptive positioning algorithm (APOLO), for 
substitution networks and we show the benefit of the controlled mobility in such 
a network. To that end, we evaluate APOLO in terms of throughput under several 
scenarios and different metrics. These results constitute a comprehensive 
evaluation of APOLO and enable to envision new ways of optimization and future 
paths of research. We prove that APOLO is an efficient 
deployment and redeployment algorithm for mobile relay networks.

/pdf/on-the-impact-of-routers-controlled-mobility-in-self-55sw024v85.pdf

On the Impact of Routers' Controlled Mobility in Self-Deployable Networks

Traditional Distributed Hash Tables (DHT) abstraction distributes data items among peer nodes on a structured overlay network in storage-intensive applications. The question is whether DHT-based systems can provide reliable and scalable storage services also in stock-oriented applications, where logistics, trace ability and fault-tolerance are the main requirements. In this paper a novel approach to self-organizing stock management networks, based on a two-level DHT mechanism is proposed and analyzed. Some preliminary results suggest that our method can reduce network traffic and achieve high data availability also in such storage and management networks.

/pdf/a-k-layer-self-organizing-structure-for-product-management-451214rsxi.pdf

A k-Layer Self-Organizing Structure for Product Management in Stock-Based Networks

“Reader” and “Tag” type devices are utilized in the Radio-Frequency IDentification technology for identification and tracking of objects. A tag can be “read” by a reader when the tag is within the reader's sensing range. However, when tags are present in the intersection area of the sensing ranges of two or more readers, simultaneous activation of the readers may cause “reader collision”. In order to ensure collision-free reading, a scheduling scheme is needed to read tags in the shortest possible time. We study this scheduling problem in a stationary setting and the reader minimization problem in a mobile setting. We show that the optimal schedule construction problem is NP-complete and provide an approximation algorithm and techniques that we evaluate through simulation.

/pdf/reader-scheduling-for-tag-access-in-rfid-systems-sng6wzh21t.pdf

Nathalie Mitton

Papers

RFID Middleware : Concepts and Architecture

Beacon-Less Mobility Assisted Energy Efficient Georouting in Energy Harvesting Actuator and Sensor Networks

On the Impact of Routers' Controlled Mobility in Self-Deployable Networks

A k-Layer Self-Organizing Structure for Product Management in Stock-Based Networks

Reader scheduling for tag access in RFID systems