There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/197439/1207.0203v1.pdf

Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions

This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. This paper starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. Compared to other survey papers in the field, our objective is to provide a more thorough summary of the most relevant protocols and application issues to enable researchers and application developers to get up to speed quickly on how the different protocols fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go through RFCs and the standards specifications. We also provide an overview of some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature and provide a summary of related research work. Moreover, we explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies including big data analytics and cloud and fog computing. We also present the need for better horizontal integration among IoT services. Finally, we present detailed service use-cases to illustrate how the different protocols presented in the paper fit together to deliver desired IoT services.

Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications

As the term “smart city” gains wider and wider currency, there is still confusion about what a smart city is, especially since several similar terms are often used interchangeably. This paper aims to clarify the meaning of the word “smart” in the context of cities through an approach based on an in-depth literature review of relevant studies as well as official documents of international institutions. It also identifies the main dimensions and elements characterizing a smart city. The different metrics of urban smartness are reviewed to show the need for a shared definition of what constitutes a smart city, what are its features, and how it performs in comparison to traditional cities. Furthermore, performance measures and initiatives in a few smart cities are identified.

Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives

http://wpage.unina.it/valerio.persico/pubs/CloudIoT_FGCS.pdf

Integration of Cloud computing and Internet of Things

The neighborhood discovery and its maintenance are very important in wireless networks for any applications, especially for routing and every self-* algorithm. Neighbor nodes are usually discovered thanks to the use of the HELLO protocol. This makes this HELLO protocol very important for wireless networks especially for self-organizing the network. Most of layer-3 protocols assume an ideal MAC layer. In such a case, HELLO protocol parameters have no impact over the self-organization. But this is not the case when considering realistic MAC and physical layers. In this paper, we investigate the impact of the parameters of such a protocol over a self-organization structure when considering realistic a MAC layer. We analyze theoretically and by simulations, the joint effect of the HELLO protocol parameters and of the MAC layer characteristics over several network self-organizations.

/pdf/analysis-of-the-impact-of-hello-protocol-parameters-over-a-3vrmrvoznh.pdf

Analysis of the impact of hello protocol parameters over a wireless network self-organization

In this paper, we propose a standardization scheme for a new paradigm: Advanced Internet of Things (AIoT), which is based on our proposed Unified Object Description Language (UODL) and allows: 1) identifying and interconnecting every object with a standard format, 2) making it easier and flexible for the third party control and management. The purpose of AIoT scheme is to build a smart world of always-on, always-awareness, always-connected, always-controllable, and establish an "intelligent networking'' based relationship among the objects, service suppliers and the users.

/pdf/advanced-internet-of-things-4x2yignevx.pdf

Advanced Internet of Things

This paper deals with the energy efficient issue of cryptographic mechanisms used for secure communication between devices in wireless sensor networks. Since these devices are mainly targeted for low power consumption appliances, there is an effort for optimization of any aspects needed for regular sensor operation. On a basis of utilization of hardware cryptographic accelerators integrated in microcontrollers, this article provides the comparison between software and hardware solutions. Proposed work examines the problems and solutions for implementation of security algorithms for WSN devices. Because the speed of hardware accelerator should be much higher than the software implementation, there are examination tests of energy consumption and validation of performance of this feature. Main contribution of the article is real testbed evaluation of the time latency and energy requirements needed for securing the communication. In addition, global evaluation for all important network communication parameters like throughput, delay and delivery ratio are also provided.

/pdf/comparison-of-hardware-and-software-based-encryption-for-mt7uk0epr9.pdf

Comparison of hardware and software based encryption for secure communication in wireless sensor networks

Nowadays, the agriculture domain faces a lot of challenges for a better usage of its natural resources. For this purpose, and for the increasing danger of climate change, there is a need to locally monitor meteorological data and soil conditions to help make quicker and more adapted decision for the culture. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) can serve as a monitoring system for those types of features. However, WSN suffer from the limited energy resources of the motes which shorten the lifetime of the overall network. Every mote periodically captures the monitored feature and sends the data to the sink for further analysis depending on a certain sampling rate. This process of sending big amount of data causes a high energy consumption of the sensor node and an important bandwidth usage on the network. In this paper, a Machine Learning based Data Reduction Algorithm (MLDR) is introduced. MLDR focuses on environmental data for the benefits of agriculture. MLDR is a data reduction approach which reduces the amount of transmitted data to the sink by adding some machine learning techniques at the sensor node level by keeping data availability and accuracy at the sink. This data reduction helps reduce the energy consumption and the bandwidth usage and it enhances the use of the medium while maintaining the accuracy of the information. This approach is validated through simulations on MATLAB using real temperature data-sets from Weather-Underground sensor network. Results show that the amount of sent data is reduced by more than \(70\%\) while maintaining a very good accuracy with a variance that did not surpass 2\(^\circ \).

https://hal.inria.fr/hal-02463167/document

Machine Learning Based Data Reduction in WSN for Smart Agriculture

SensLAB's goal is to provide a very large scale open wireless sensor network testbed, by deploying 1024 nodes over 4 interconnected sites, and to offer a reference tool for the wireless sensor network community Our demonstration purpose is to illustrate what the SensLAB1 platform offers through a case study: an animal tracking application needing routing and mobile node geolocalization Through this example, we will show how to run an application in the large scale testbed SensLAB and some of the tools it provides to help in developing, tuning and monitoring such a large scale application

Nathalie Mitton

Papers

Analysis of the impact of hello protocol parameters over a wireless network self-organization

Advanced Internet of Things

Comparison of hardware and software based encryption for secure communication in wireless sensor networks

Machine Learning Based Data Reduction in WSN for Smart Agriculture

Large scale geolocalization and routing experimentation with the SensLAB testbed